不‧衛‧生

Thursday, May 25th, 2006 @ 21:14 EDT

Chile, Argentina, and Latin America’s Two Lefts

智利、阿根廷、與拉丁美洲的兩左派

Americas, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Weblog, Governance, Politics

(待校閱，最終版請到GVO中文網頁，不含西語版本)

After years in the shadows - and only referenced for its Cold War legacy - Latin America is back in the limelight. The world over, economic liberalization has been the call of the day. But recent elections throughout Latin America have inspired commentators to call the region a notable ideological exception: “Populism versus the Washington Consensus” according to some and “Latin America’s socialist democratic left versus a caudillo populist left” according to others. The most common caricature now portrays Venezuela’s Hugo Chavez and Cuba’s Fidel Castro, buoyed by Bolivia’s new president Evo Morales, on one side of the boxing ring with the moderate presidents of Chile, Uruguay, and Brazil huddled together in the opposite corner. Argentina’s Kirchner is somewhere in the middle they say, while excluded entirely from the equation are Ecuador, Colombia, and Paraguay, not to mention all of Central America.

長期處於陰影下且僅被視為冷戰遺產之後，拉丁美洲現在回到世界的注目中心。整個世界中，經濟自由化已經成為當今重點。但是最近全拉丁美洲的選舉激起評論者將這個區域視為顯著的意識形態例外：有些人說是「民粹主義vs.華盛頓公約」，其他人則說是「拉美社會民主左派vs. 元首民粹左派」。最常見的諷刺漫畫中所畫的是委瑞內拉的Hugo Chavez與古巴Fidel Castro，加上玻利維亞新總統Evo Morales，三人在拳擊場的一端，而溫和派的智利、烏拉圭、與巴西總統則擠在另一邊。阿根廷的Kirchner是中間派，而厄瓜多、哥倫比亞、與巴拉圭完全被排除在這種區分之外。中美洲國家則未被提及。

Argentine native and Spanish citizen, Martin Varsavsky believes that there are indeed two leftist models at work in Latin America:

生於阿根廷的西班牙公民Martin Varsavsky相信，在拉丁美洲確實有兩種左派模型運作著。

I’ve received a lot of criticism for my position that it is the Chilean socialism, and not the Venezuelan populism imitated by Evo Morales, which is the exemplary model of development for Latin America. I have read those criticisms carefully, but I haven’t changed my opinion. I continue to think that Evo Morales is a “gasdictator” and that he has started his governance very poorly. I still maintain that there is another model which looks out for national interests and achieves development and that model is simply Chile.

:我收到許多針對我的立場--我認為智利式社會主義，並非Evo Morales模仿委瑞內拉的民粹主義，才是拉丁美洲發展的模範--的批評。我仔細閱讀這些批評，但我的立場沒變。我仍舊認為Evo Morales是很拙劣地開始行使其統治權的「石油獨裁者」。我還是認為有其他模式可以同時注意國家利益並達成發展，而這個模式就是智利。

First, my critique of Evo Morales:

:首先，我對Evo Morales的批評是：

- Just because they select him president doesn’t mean that he has legislative and judicial power, it only means that he has executive power with all its limitations.

: -人民選他作總統，只代表他有行政權以及相關權限，並不代表他也有立法與司法權。

- It’s very commong for some of the new South American leaders to not accept these limitations and want to accumulate all the power. They do this by installing judges that are not really independent and passing decrees which bypass the legislature. Conducting oneself in this manner is not democratic. There is a large correlation between legal insecurity and economic and social retardation. Evo Morales is travelling down this path when he begins imprisoning executives and sending the army to occupy oil fields and gas companies.

: -對某些新的南美國家領導人而言，不接受這些權限而想積累其權力，是很平常的。他們藉由安插事實上並不獨立的法官，以及藉由核准越過立法機構的行政命令，來達成此目的。這種行為是不民主的。法治不安定與經濟社會發展阻滯非常相關。當Evo Morales開始限制產業執行者並派兵佔領油田與天然氣公司時，代表他正在走這條路線。

- Evo Morales has the complete right to use his limited power to try to get Bolivia to exploit its natural resources with better conditions than it so far has, but he chose to abuse in this attempt. Bolivia can and must improve its situation, but with the stamp of its laws and dialogue.

-Evo Morales有完全的權利來行使其有限的權力，讓玻利維亞在比現狀更佳的條件下利用其天然資源，但是他選擇濫權以達到此一目的。玻利維亞其實可以、也必須改善其處境，但須在其國內法律以及與國際對話的背景之下。

- The Bolivian people are very poor and live in dismal conditions. Their situation is one of the worst in Latin America. However, we know that the socialism which has functioned in Spain and Chile - the socialism that I support - is the socialism of the market in which the government intervenes as a regulator and redistributor of income. The socialism that has never functioned is the socialism/communism in which the state is transformed into the principal producer of goods and services and a dictator, or something similar, controlls the exportation of resources.

-玻利維亞人民在十分貧困不幸的條件下生存，其處境是拉丁美洲中最糟的國家之一。然而我們知道，在西班牙與智利有效執行的社會主義，也就是我所支持的那種社會主義，是市場社會主義，也就是政府以調節者與收入的重分配者之姿進行介入。絕對不會有效的社會主義是社會/共產主義，也就是國家機器轉型為貨物與服務的基本生產者，以及由獨裁者或類似的角色控制資源的運輸。

To watch me be accused of being so “of the right” for supporting the Chilean model, I felt that many people in Latin America don’t know succesful models and end up on the extremes. These critics only know the ultra-right of corrupt neoliberalism and have now decided to experiment with the other extreme, jumping over the winning model which is in the middle, the model that I support, the model of Chile and which is similar to the country where I live, Spain.

看到我自己被指控為很「右」地支持智利模式，我覺得很多拉美人民並不曉得成功的模式，而終致偏向極端。這些批評只知道腐敗的新自由主義的極端右派，而決定要實驗另一個極端，跳過了中間的勝利的模式，那個我所支持，智利所使用，以及類似我目前所居住國家西班牙所使用的模式。

Varsavsky then goes on to explain his own experience of starting his Educar project both in Chile and Argentina and claims the difference between the two countries is that in Chile, “the officials that love their country and build its future are the rule while in Argentina they are the exception.”

Varsavsky接著解釋他同時在智利與阿根廷開始的Educar計畫中的自身經驗，他聲稱這兩國的差異是，在智利，「愛國並打造未來的官員是常規，而在阿根廷，這種人則是例外」。

Kirchner’s Argentina can opt for either the Chilean or Venezuelan model. He seems to have ministers of both tendencies. I hope with all of my heart that he chooses the Chilean model. All of the Latin Americans who believe that the option is the same as the corrupt neoliberalism or pseudo-democratic populism are mistaken. Because there is another option and it’s called Chile and it wasn’t constructed by Pinochet like someone said in a comment, it was built by Allende and his team, which returned to power with people like Fernando Flores and second generations like Michelle Bachelet.

Kirchner治理下的阿根廷可以選擇要走智利或委瑞內拉模式。他的內閣似乎同時具有兩種傾向。我誠心希望他選擇智利模式。相信選項只有墮落的新自由主義或假民主的民粹主義的拉美人民是錯的，因為還有另一種稱為智利的選項，這並非如某人所評論是由皮諾契(Pinochet)所建構，而是由阿言德(Allende)與他的團隊成立，並還權於Fernando Flores以及第二代如Michelle Bachelet等人。(譯註：Michelle Bachelet為現任智利總統，南美第一位女性國家領導人，是阿言德執政時食物分配署署長的女兒)

When I was 13-years-old I went to yell “power to the Left, long live Chile” in front of the Chilean embassy after Pinochet’s coup. Today, reading the criticisms on my blog, I will yell out again. Allende was a socialist democrat who dies fighting for the interests of his country. Allende, Lagos, Bachelet, as well as the Uruguayan, Tabaré Vazquez, are models to follow. Morales, Ollanta, and Chávez are models to avoid. And Kirchner? Like one person commented, Kirchner hits the pole (an Argentine expression which means that it’s not a goal, but almost).

我十三歲時，在皮諾契政變後，我到智利大使館前大叫「權還左派，智利萬歲」，而今日閱讀我的blog上的批判，我仍要大聲呼喊。阿言德是為國家利益而犧牲的社會民主黨人士，阿言德與、Lagos、Bachelet與烏拉圭總統Tabaré Vazquez，都是值得效法的模範。Morales、Ollanta(譯註：本屆秘魯大選落選總統候選人)和Chávez則是應該避免的例子。而Kirchner呢？如同某人所論，Kirchner hits the pole (阿根廷俗語，意指球只踢到門柱而沒得分，差不多而已)

The post generated a strong response, both in the comments section and in a continuing conversation around other blogs throughout Latin America. Jordi, a Spaniard living in Venezuela comments:

這篇文章引起了強烈反應，包括在該文的comment部分，以及之後在其他拉丁美洲blog的對話。一位住在委瑞內拉的西班牙人Jordi這麼評論：

I’m Spanish and I have resided in Caracas for almost a year now. I completely agree with your post regarding the left in Latin America. Among coups, energy dictators … the continent is in bad shape. I hope that everything changes, but I assure you that over here things are very ugly.

我是西班牙人，在Caracas(卡拉卡斯)住了將近一年。我完全同意你有關拉丁美洲左派的文章。在幾場政變中，能源獨裁者…這塊大陸處在惡劣狀態中。我希望每件事都能改變，但我也可以跟你保證這裡的事情會非常醜惡。

Diego Giol, an Argentine from the Northern city of Mendoza now working for the UN in Switzerland also leaves a comment in support of Varsavsky’s position. And then continues on his own blog:

一位目前在瑞士聯合國工作，來自阿根廷北方城市Mendoza的Diego Giol也留下一段評論支持Varsavsky的立場，而後在他自己的blog中延續：

Yesterday, a video of Hugo Chavez broadcasted on Argentine TV made me reflect a lot about some of the leaders in our region. I believe that Latin America has already had enough with the verbose rhetoric. It fills me with pity to watch poverty increase at the same pace as the political insults. I’m passionate about politics, development, and economics (which is why I’m in the United Nations) so things like that make me feel powerless. But on the other hand, I see another left, that of Chile, of Bachelet, and I see that this country keeps growing, reducing its poverty, investing in infrastructure and making strategic agreements with important countries like China, the United States, among others. Truthfully, I hope that the growth and the coherency are expanded throughout the region and that they displace the populism that has done so much bad to us in the past.

昨天，一部Hugo Chavez在阿根廷電視台播放的影片反映了我們這個區域中的許多領袖。我相信拉丁美洲已經受夠了這些冗長的修辭，這影片讓我充滿著憐憫地看著貧窮以和政治謾罵相同的速度增加。我對政治、發展、與經濟學相當熱衷，這也是我之所以在聯合國的原因，所以這些事情讓我無力。但是在另一方面，我看到另一種智利式的、Bachelet式的左派，而且我看到這個國家持續成長、減少該國貧窮、投資基礎建設、以及與重要國家如中國、美國等建立策略性協定。老實說，我希望這種成長與一致性擴張到這整個區域，並取代那已經在過去對我們糟蹋夠了的民粹主義。

But not everyone is so eager for advice from Europe. An anonymous commenter on Varsavksy’s post says:

可是並非每個人都如此渴望這種來自歐洲的忠告。一位針對Varsavksy文章的匿名評論者說：

Having lived in Latin America, I can say that the best option is that the people should go searching their own path. We’ll commit errors, that’s how it goes, but please let us commit our own errors. Fortunately the countries aren’t like businesses where just one person decides everything. A country should be driven by its people, that’s how democracy is designed, and unfortunately it goes slow. The World Bank tries to lead the economies of these countries like a grand dictator making all the errors which we’ve all come to know. I don’t believe that anyone has the secret forumla for each country to become an overnight success. I think it’s a long process.

一直住在拉丁美洲的我可以這麼說，最好的選擇是人民應該去尋找他們自己的道路。一定會犯錯的，這是必經之途，但請讓我們犯我們的錯。幸好國家並不像企業是一人獨裁的，國家應由其人民來掌舵，民主就是這樣設計出來的，而也不幸地這要緩慢進行。世界銀行試圖引導這些國家的經濟，像個犯了所有我們後來才了解到的錯誤的大獨裁者。我不相信有人擁有讓每個國家一夜成功的秘方，我相信這是需要漫長過程的。

Antonio is much more aggressive in his criticism:

Antonio在他的批判中更為激烈：

What you say really astonishes me Martin. I love democracy, liberty, and peace, but I must tell you that I don’t agree with what you say. My opinion is that Evo Morales, as an indigenous leader, showed the psuedo-European Argentines, Chileans, Brazilians, etc. how the natural resources of a country must be defended and for that he’s not a dictator; simply put, he didn’t allow [foreigners] to keep stealing like they have been doing for the past 500 years, especially Spain, and for the last 150 years, the United States.

Martin，你所說的讓我真的很震驚。我愛民主、自由、與和平，但我必須告訴你，我不同意你說的。我的意見是，Evo Morales作為一位土生土長的領袖，他對阿根廷、智利、巴西等等假歐洲人展現，國家的天然資源是多麼必須被捍衛，也因此他並不是獨裁者；簡言之，他不允許[外國人]繼續竊取，如同他們在過去五百年來持續進行的作為，尤其是西班牙，以及最近一百五十年的美國。

Corsaria maintains that Bolivia’s situation cannot be compared to Chile’s or Argentina’s:

Corsaria主張玻利維亞的狀況並不能與智利或阿根廷相比。

Evo Morales is the response of a failed economic model in Bolivia. There must be proposed models that redistribute the wealth and don’t just limit its creation. The case of Bolivia is not comparable to that of Chile and much less that of Spain. Socialism imported from Europe cannot function in South America. And that’s something which many don’t understand. In fact, the policies that work in Chile, won’t work in neighboring countries. They are distinct cases dependent on their geographic situation. Evo is not the problem, but rather the economic model that is inherited. Nationalization is possibly not the best solution, but I haven’t seen alternatives which aren’t … privatize, privatize, privatize. This recipe has failed and we must stop from falling into the same trap.

Evo Morales是失敗的玻利維亞經濟模式的反應。世上一定有可以重分配財富，同時又不只是限制創造財富的經濟模式。玻利維亞的例子跟智利的並不可比較，更遑論跟西班牙比較。從歐洲引進的社會主義是無法在南美發生作用的，很多人不懂這件事。事實上，在智利有效的政策，在鄰近國家不會有效。由於地理位置，他們是不同的例子。Evo並不是麻煩，麻煩是來自經濟模式本身所具有的。國有化可能不是最佳解決之道，但是我卻從未看到除了「私有化、私有化、私有化」之外的另類方案。這個處方已然失敗，我們必須停止繼續陷入這個陷阱之中。

In all, Varsavsky’s post attracted more than 60 comments, many of them disagreeing with his comparison of Salvador Allende to the leadership of Ricardo Lagos and Michelle Bachelet. Others were in support of his praise of Chile’s political and economic model, while a few called for each country to follow its own path without following any “model” at all. Yet still others disagreed violently, arguing instead that Chávez and Morales were exactly what Latin America’s poor need to recover the resources stolen from them by colonization and then Neoliberalism.

Varsavsky的文章總共吸引了60篇評論以上，其中有許多是不同意他將阿言德跟Ricardo Lagos和Michelle Bachelet相提並論。其他則是支持他對智利政治經濟模式的誇獎，有少數幾篇則要求各國追隨自己的道路而非跟從任何「模式」。還有其他評論強烈反對，主張Chávez與Morales確實是拉丁美洲貧窮者所需要，將被偷走的資源從殖民主義以及新自由主義手中取回。

事實上，幾天之後，在與Mariano Amartino及Alejandro Piscitelli會面之後，Varsavsky說：

In fact, a few days later - after meeting with Mariano Amartino and Alejandro Piscitelli - Varsavsky remarked:

We spoke of Chile and I commented that the post supporting the Chilean model and not the Venezuelan one had recieved favorable comments, but also many in opposition and some which I didn’t publish because they insulted me strongly. Mariano commented that he stopped writing about politics because it got so bad that they scratched up his car. Alejandro said that it would be more difficult for them to come and scratch my car here … I thought that it’s better that they scratch a car and not smash your head like they did to my father during “the night of the long batons” or that they simply kill you like how they assassinated my cousin.

我們談到了智利，我也評論了那篇支持智利模式而非委內瑞拉模式的文章所得到的正面評論和許多反方議論，以及有些因為強烈污辱我而我沒有發表出來的評論。Mariano評論他不再寫有關政治的文章，因為後果糟糕到有人刮他的車。Alejandro說，這裡的反對者比較難可以刮我的車…我覺得刮車總比頭被打碎來得好，如同他們在“(長警棍之夜)the night of the long batons”中所對我父親做的事，或者用他們暗殺我表親的方法來對付你。

Varsavsky also has a blog in English, though it tends to focus on his company rather than Latin American issues.

Varsavsky也有英語的blog，但是這個blog的焦點是在他的公司，而非拉美議題。