June 7,2006 10:55
【初代教父】希坡律陀(Hippolytus)論洗禮
希坡律陀(Hippolytus)是第三世紀的羅馬長老,在《使徒傳統》(The Apostolic Tradition)這部很有意思的著作中,寫下了一些相當實用的忠告,包括像是洗禮之類教會基本常規的一些指導:
「當雞鳴的更次,他們首先應當在水的上方禱告,至於這水,如果可能的話,應該是純淨並流動的,然後,預備領洗之人要脫下他們的衣物,而且應當先給兒童施洗,孩童若是自己可以回答的話,就讓他們來回答,若是不能,就讓他們的父母或是家族中某位親人來代答。接下來應該先給成年男人施洗,再來才是婦女,而且她們必須將頭髮散開、卸下身上穿戴的所有金飾。絕對不許有人穿戴著任何異物進入水裡。」
「在預定施洗的那時刻,主教應當要為油獻上感謝,然後倒入容器,這油要稱為『感恩之油』。接著他要拿其他的油,在其上以祈禱驅除惡魔,這油要稱為『驅邪之油』。然後要讓執事」手持『驅邪之油』站在長老的左邊,後者要負責來膏抹。而且要有另外一位執事拿著『感恩之油』站在右邊。當長老緊握住每一位領洗之人,接下來他要這樣聲明:『我宣佈與你撒但、還有你全部的技倆與作為脫離關係。』當長老握住每一位領洗之人時,他要叫他們宣佈與撒但脫離關係,他們如此做之後,他就用『驅邪之油』來膏抹,並且這麼說:『讓所有邪惡之靈遠離你。』接著,被膏之人要轉向東方,並且照此說:『我同意祢,噢!聖父、聖子和聖靈,在祢面前所有受造之物顫抖震動,助我按祢旨意來行,一切無可指指摘』。在這些程序之後,讓他把自己交付給站在水中的長老來進行施洗。在入水之前,他要在水的上方這樣說:『我相信,並且向祢和祢一切作為屈膝,噢!聖父、聖子和聖靈』,說畢他才往下進入水裡。接著要讓他赤身站立水中。然後,同樣地,要有一名執事與他一同進入水中,前者要指導後者這麼說:「你是否相信獨一真神,全能的父,相信祂的獨生愛子耶穌基督我們的主和拯救者,以及聖靈,亦即所有受造物的生命賜與者,三位一體同質的真神,一神、一主、一國、一信、一洗在神聖的大公使徒教會裡,直到永遠?」(摘自倫敦Alban出版社,狄克斯(Dix)/查德威克(Chadwick)合編的《使徒傳統》。)
原文:
"And at the hour when the cock crows, they shall first of all pray over the water, and as to the water this should be pure and flowing if possible, and then the folk to be baptized should put off their clothes and they shall baptize the little children first, and if they can answer for themselves, let them answer. But, if they cannot answer for themselves, let their parents answer or someone from their family. And next they shall baptize the grown men, and last the women who shall have loosed their hair and laid aside all gold ornaments which they are wearing. Let no one go down into the water having on any alien object."
"And at the time determined for baptizing, the bishop shall give thanks over the oil and put it into the vessel, and it is called the 'oil of thanksgiving'. And he shall take other oil and exorcise over it, and it shall be called the 'oil of exorcism'. And let a deacon", there's the second office, "carry the 'oil of exorcism' and stand on the left hand of the presbyter who will do the anointing. And another deacon shall take the 'oil of thanksgiving' and stand on the right hand. And when the presbyter takes hold of each one of those baptized, he asks them to renounce Satan, and when they have done that, he is anointed with the oil of exorcism, saying: 'Let all evil spirits depart far from thee'. And then turning him to the east let him say: 'I consent to thee, oh Father, and Son, and Holy Ghost, before whom all creation trembles and is moved, grant me to do all thy will without blame'. (The Treatise on the Apostolic Tradition of St. Hippolytus of
版主評註:
希坡律陀所描述的是一種非常具有特色的早期洗禮,受洗者宣布脫離魔鬼在他們生活上的作為和權勢,接著申言忠於基督,並申明這份曾經交托給使徒的信仰內容。由此可見,教會早期的信經其實具有多重用途,甚至包括洗禮時對信仰的肯定。然而,今日卻有許多教會在各項聚會當中完全不頌讀信經,信徒對於基本的信仰內容毫無概念,這是很可惜的。
