June 4,2006 18:49
【初代教父】伊格那丟論教會職分(church offices)
在第二世紀前葉的教會生活中,可以看到三種主要的職分──主教、長老、執事──開始出現,也就是從第一世紀時還不固定的簡單領導形式,轉變成為階級化又相當明確,並且近似於君主式主教制的架構,來形成領導團隊的核心。伊格那丟甚至宣稱,沒有這三種職分就沒有教會。
「我奉勸你們,要迫切按照虔敬的和諧來行各樣事。主教是代替神來管轄,長老代表使徒們的意見,至於我個人最偏愛的執事,他們則被托付了耶穌基督的服事。」(伊格那丟《致馬尼西人書》,第六章)
原文:
"I have this advice: Be eager to do everything in godly harmony. The bishop presides in the place of God, the Presbyters in the place of the counsels of the apostles, and the deacons who are my most favorite, having been entrusted with the service of Jesus Christ". (Ignatius, “Letter to the Magnesians”, chapter six)
「當你服贗主教如同順服耶穌基督,這樣在我看來,你就不是活在人的標準之下,而是按著耶穌基督來生活,即是那位替我們死,使我們藉著相信他的受死就能脫離死亡權勢。所以,重要的是,你得要保持如此,做任何事都不可以沒有主教,同時也要服從長老,如同順服屬於我們所盼望的耶穌基督的使徒們,我們若活在他裡面至終就必被尋著。此外,那些耶穌基督『聖禮』上的執事們還應當在各方面討人喜悅。因為他們不僅僅只是飲食上的執事,更是神的教會的照料者。所以,他們必須避開批評就像閃躲火焰一般。同樣地,讓每一個人都敬重執事有如耶穌基督在此,就像他們本應尊重主教,因其代表聖父,長老們則像是神的代表團、是使徒們的組合。沒有這三種職分就不能稱之為教會。」(伊格那丟,《致推拉里人書》二章1節至三章1節;錄自何姆斯主編《使徒後期教父》)
原文:
"For when you are subject to the bishop as to Jesus Christ, it is evident to me that you are living not in accordance with human standards, but in accordance with Jesus Christ, who died for us in order that by believing in his death you might escape death. It is essential, therefore, that you continue your current practice and do nothing without the bishop, but be subject also to the presbytery as to the apostles of Jesus Christ, our hope, in whom we shall be found, if we so live. Furthermore, it is necessary that those who are deacons of the ‘mysteries’ of Jesus Christ please everyone in every respect. For they are not merely ‘deacons’ of food and drink, but ministers of God's church. Therefore they must avoid criticism as though it were fire. Similarly let everyone respect the deacons as Jesus Christ, just as they should respect the bishop who is the model of the Father, and the Presbyters as God's counsel and as the band of the apostles. Without these three offices you cannot have a church ".
(Ignatius, Letter to the Trallians, 2:1-3:1; in Holmes, ed., The Apostolic Fathers)
版主評註:
早期教會對於使徒、先知、教師和監督的敬重,以及獲選擔當職務者對己身能否不負主託,所表現出的虔敬認真,使得前三、四世紀的教會開始在組織架構和領導權上發生改變。然而,我們必須學習謹慎分辨,這樣發展出來的教會模式是否合乎聖經的教導,這些教導又是否可以找到明確的聖經根據?
另一方面,我們必須注意到教職服事與俗世工作開始有所分別,並且逐漸演化成為呆板的「屬靈」與「屬世」二分法,這就成為後來修道運動「遁世」的偏差的根源。
