http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/cat_236772.html ©We are a part of nature.... zh-tw Roodo Blog System All Rights Reserved
※今天晚上剛讀完中英文版的孫子兵法，在這為期兩週的閱讀歷程中，我的閱讀過程是先看孫子原文，再對照英文，這一看便發現英文版翻譯的很白話，看完英文的部分後，通常也能立即了解孫子在說什麼，但如果還是有「卡住」的地方，便會參考後人對它的注解，其中有現代白話文版的，也有三國時代曹操親著的＜孫子略解＞，曹操的註解尤其對我在理解孫子兵法原文上有很大的幫助，因此也多所引用在我的網頁裡。


※而本次所讀的英文版是網友在奇摩知識站上提供的，網址如下：http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=1105070408122，可惜裡面第七章後半部有闕漏，並且無第八章與第九章，經追查後發現其它的來源為下面這個網站http://www.4kidsite.com/story/literal/chinese/index.html，瀏覽後發現它本來就欠缺該章節，為了能滿足自己一覽英文版的慾望，我再上奇摩搜尋後，發現英文版其實有許多種版本，接著在網路上搜尋了相關網站後，將找到的其他版本，花了些時間進行比較。但我始終認為還是此次我部落格中所「賴以為PO」的那個版本翻譯的最為成功與最貼切，它的用字遣詞和呈現出來的美感，使我認為其它版本只能望其項背，我曾考慮過在第七章闕漏處接上其他版本所翻譯的，可是前半段與後半段讀起來的感覺明顯有落差，加上自己在後來的搜尋中發現到有的版本有COPYRIGHT的保護，有的則沒有，我不清楚這個版有還是沒有，在沒弄清楚前，不便繼續PO出其他章節(已PO出13分之6，不到50%，這樣有沒有關係?有人知道的話請告訴我，謝謝!)


※事實上把孫子兵法內容PO到部落格上所花的時間，比起自己讀書所花的還多，除了開始時要想怎麼呈現給大家看之外，還要進行製作圖片、上傳與上傳後校對修改的工作，這過程讓我領會到其他用心經營著精采部落格的人士(比如我的朋友老徐與他扣人心弦的部落格－廢業青年日記)所花的心力是何等驚人，而那些很讚很讚的部落格的營建過程是多麼偉大。


※如果有熱愛孫子兵法者想要看見其他英文章節，可以考慮參考三國誌遊戲官網http://www.sanguo-online.com/artofwar/eaofch8.php，他們有自己翻譯英文版本，原先我看不到第七章後半段及第八、九章的遺憾，最終藉由他們來補足了。


※還有http://www.sonshi.com/learn.html這個網站上的英文版Translated from the Chinese By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)，據說因為年代久遠，或說已經超過著作權的50年保護期限，因此是目前可公開全文轉載的版本。


※其他孫子兵法參考網頁如下：


http://home.kimo.com.tw/sufum.tw/
http://artofwar.thetao.info/china/text.htm
http://www.agent-m.net/Book/O-1-014-3.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War
http://www.geocities.com/wangawanga7/aow.htm
http://www.agent-m.net/Culture/Eightbook/EB-0-3.htm


祝 閱讀愉快
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2027781.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2027781.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Wed, 16 Aug 2006 19:10:51 +0800


20060815WIN

Now, an army may be likened to water, (夫兵形象水)
for just as flowing water avoids the heights and hastens to the lowlands,(水之形避高而趨下)
so an army should avoid strength and strike weakness. (兵之形，避實而擊虛)
And as water shapes its flow in accordance with the ground,(水因地而制流)
so an army manages its victory in accordance with the situation of the enemy. (兵應敵而制勝)


※軍隊陣形應該要像流水一樣：水流運行時，避開高處而趨向低處；軍隊取勝的戰術，則是避開實力堅實的敵人轉而攻擊實力較虛的敵人。因此水流憑藉著地勢而制定流向，軍隊憑藉著敵人而制定出取勝的策略。


And as water has no constant form, (故兵無常勢)
there are in warfare no constant conditions.(水無常形)
Thus, one able to win the victory by modifying his tactics in accordance with the enemy situation may be said to be divine. (能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神)



※ 軍隊沒有固定的陣勢，如水一般也沒有固定的形態，能隨著敵人的不同而加以變化的，叫做達到神奇的境界。


Of the five elements [water, fire, metal, wood, and earth], none is always predominant;(故五行無常勝)
of the four seasons, none lasts forever; (四時無常位)
of the days, some are long and some short, (日有短長)
and the moon waxes and wanes. (月有死生)
That is also the law of employing troops.


※ 中文版只到「月有死生」一句，That is also the law of employing troops.是英文版加以說明孫子的五行、四季、日月說，乃用以比喻應靈活用兵。


※ 金木水火土，五行相生相剋，沒有永遠取勝的一方，四季更迭，沒有總是停留在哪一季；日照時間有長有短，月亮形狀有盈有虧。一切都是變化著的。



---The End of Art of War Chapter Six--- ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024106.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024106.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 15 Aug 2006 22:02:52 +0800


20060815WIN

Although I estimate the troops of Yue as many,(以吾度之，越人之兵雖多)
of what benefit is this superiority with respect to the outcome of war? (亦奚益於勝敗哉？)
※ 所以就我的推算，超過敵人的兵力雖然很多，又能對取勝敵人產生什麼幫助呢！


Thus, I say that victory can be achieved.(故曰：勝可為也)
for even if the enemy is numerically stronger,(敵雖眾)
I can prevent him from engaging.(可使無鬥)


※所以說：勝利，可以實現；敵人人數雖多，也可以使他們無法與我交戰啊！


Therefore, analyze the enemy's plans so that you will know his shortcomings as strong points.(故策之而知得失之計)
Agitate him in order to ascertain the pattern of his movement.(作之而知動靜之理)
Lure him out to reveal his dispositions and ascertain his position.(形之而知死生之地)
Launch a probing attack in order to learn where his strength is abundant and where deficient.(角之而知有餘不足之處)

The ultimate in disposing one's troops is to conceal them without ascertainable shape.(故形兵之極，至於無形)

Then the most penetrating spies cannot pry nor can the wise lay plans against you.
(無形，則深間不能窺，智者不能謀)


※ 變化軍隊陣勢形態的極致，就是讓人看不出其中有什麼樣的形態。因為無形，所以令人摸不著頭緒，所以連滲透到軍隊裡的間諜也無法一窺究竟，即使是高明的智者也不能理解其運作、無法想出攻破它的方法。


It is according to the situations that plans are laid for victory,(因形而錯勝於眾)
but the multitude does not comprehend this.(眾不能知)


※ 曹操注：因敵形而立勝。根據形勢情況不同而先制定出不同的策略等著取勝眾人，眾人卻不能知道我為何能贏。


Although everyone can see the outward aspects, (人皆知我所以勝之形)
none understands how the victory is achieved. (而莫知吾所以制勝之形)


曹操注：不以一形勝萬形。或曰：不備知也。制勝者，人皆知吾所以勝，莫知吾因敵形而制勝也。人們只知道我因為陣形取勝，但不知道我其實是看了敵人的陣形後，順其勢擺出可破解它的陣勢。


Therefore, when a victory is won, one's tactics are not repeated.(故其戰勝不復)
One should always respond to circumstances in an infinite variety of ways.(而應形於無窮)


※ 因此戰勝後不應執著於重複使用同一個陣勢，應該無窮盡地隨敵人的陣形來加以變化。
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024091.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024091.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 15 Aug 2006 21:59:46 +0800


20060815WIN

For if he prepares to the front, his rear will be weak,(故備前則後寡)
and if to the rear, his front will be fragile.(備後則前寡)
If he strengthens his left, his right will be vulnerable,(故備左則右寡)
and if his right, there will be few troops on his left.(備右則左寡)


And when he sends troops everywhere, he will be weak everywhere.(無所不備，則無所不寡)
Numerical weakness comes from having to guard against possible attacks;( 寡者備人者也)
numerical strength from forcing the enemy to make these preparations against us.(眾者使人備己者也)


※所以防備前面的人，後面的人數就少了；防備後面的人，前面的人數就少了；防備左邊的人，右邊的人數就少了；防備右邊的人，左邊的人數就少了；沒有地方不加以防備的人，就沒有任何一個地方的人數是多的了。所以所謂的人數少，是由於防備敵人的緣故；所謂的人數多，是使人防備自己的緣故啊！


If one knows where and when a battle will be fought,(故知戰之地，知戰之日)
his troops can march a thousand li and meet on the field.(則可千里而會戰)
But if one knows neither the battleground nor the day of battle,(不知戰之地，不知戰之日)

the left will be unable to aid the right (則左不能救右)
and the right will be unable to aid the left,(右不能救左)
and the van will be unable to support the rear,(前不能救後)
and the rear will be unable to support the van.(後不能救前)
How much more is this so when separated by several tens of li or, indeed, be even a few! (而況遠者數十里，近者數裏乎？)


※知道交戰的日子與地點，即使千里遠的距離也可以前去交戰；不知道交戰的日子與地點，則前鋒軍隊不能援救後面的，後面的不能援救前面的，左邊的不能援救右邊的，右邊的不能援救左邊的：何況遠的相距了數十里的距離，而近的也相距了數里的距離呢？

]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024071.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024071.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 15 Aug 2006 21:57:01 +0800


20060815WIN

If I am able to determine the enemy's dispositions while, at the same time, I conceal my own, then I can concentrate my forces and his must be divided.(故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分)


※所以善於統帥軍隊的人，能讓敵人現形而使自己無形，那麼我方的兵力便團結而不分散，而敵人的兵力則分散而不團結了。


And if I concentrate while he divides, I can use my entire strength to attack a
fraction of his.(我專為一，敵分為十，是以十攻其一也)


※我方團結成為一體，敵人分散成為十個部分，這使得我能以用十倍於敵人的兵力來攻擊敵人啊！

Therefore, I will be numerically superior. (則我眾而敵寡)
Then, if I am able to use many to strike few at the selected point,(能以眾擊寡者)
those I deal with will fall into hopeless straits.(則吾之所與戰者，約矣)


※ 因此，我方人數較敵方人數佔優勢，我軍以人數多擊敗敵方人數少力量分散的軍隊，與我交手的敵軍都將陷入絕境。


The enemy must not know where I intend to give battle.(吾所與戰之地不可知)
For if he does not know where I intend to give battle,(不可知)
he must prepare in a great many places.(則敵所備者多)
And when he prepares in a great many places,(敵所備者多)
those I have to fight in will be few. (則吾之所戰者，寡矣)


※我要與敵人交戰的地點，不能先讓敵人知道，敵人不知道我要攻打哪裡，所要設法防備的地方就增多了；當敵人所要防備的地方增多，則他所能用來作戰的人數就相對的減少了啊！
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024059.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2024059.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 15 Aug 2006 21:46:36 +0800


20060815WIN

His offensive will be irresistible if he makes for his enemy's weak positions;(進而不可禦者，沖其虛也)
he cannot be overtaken when he withdraws if he moves swiftly.(退而不可追者，速而不可及也)

When I wish to give battle,(故我欲戰)
my enemy, even though protected by high walls and deep moats, (敵雖高壘深溝)
cannot help but engage me,(不得不與我戰者)
for I attack a position he must relieve.(攻其所必救也)


When I wish to avoid battle,(我不欲戰)
I may defend myself simply be drawing a line on the ground;(雖畫地而守之)
the enemy will be unable to attack me because I divert him from going where he wishes.(敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也)


※進攻時，敵人不能抵禦的原因，是因為我軍衝向了敵人防守空虛的地方﹔撤退時，敵人追趕不上的原因，是因為我軍撤退速度快。所以，我軍要想和敵人作戰，敵人即使高築堡壘、深挖戰壕，也不得不出來跟我軍交戰。這是因為攻打了敵人必須要救援的要害地區﹔我軍不想和敵人交戰，即使是畫地而守，敵人也無法跟我軍交戰，這是因為我軍設法把敵人引到了別的方向。
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2023987.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2023987.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 15 Aug 2006 21:36:57 +0800


20060815WIN

To be certain to take what you attack is to attack a place the enemy does not or cannot protect. (攻而必取者，攻其所不守也)
To be certain to hold what you defend is to defend a place the enemy dares not or is not
able to attack.(守而必固者，守其所不攻也)
Therefore, against those skilled in attack, the enemy does not know where to defend, (故善攻者，敵不知其所守)
and against the experts in defense, the enemy does not know where to attack.(善守者，敵不知其所攻)


※ 曹操注：出空擊虛，避其所守，擊其不意。


※ 進攻一地而能攻得下，是因為攻打的是敵人沒有防守或不易守住的地方﹔防守一地而能守得住，是因為防守的是敵人不敢來攻打或無法攻打的地方。因此，善於進攻的將領，會使敵人不知道該在何地防守才好﹔善於防守的將帥，會使敵人不知道應該向何地進攻才好。


How subtle and insubstantial, that the expert leaves no trace.(微乎微乎，至於無形)
How divinely mysterious, that he is inaudible.(神乎神乎，至於無聲)
Thus, he is master of his enemy's fate.(故能為敵之司命)


※微妙啊，微妙啊！微妙得看不出一點形跡﹔神奇啊，神奇啊，神奇得聽不出一點聲息，所以這樣的將帥才能成為敵人命運的主宰。 ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2023963.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2023963.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 15 Aug 2006 21:28:43 +0800


20060815WIN

Chapter 6 : Void and Actuality(第六章：虛實)

Generally, he who occupies the field of battle first and awaits his enemy is at ease,(凡先處戰地而待敵者佚)
and he who comes later to the scene and rushes into the fight is weary. (後處戰地而趨戰者勞)
And, therefore, those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle
and are not brought there by him. (故善戰者，致人而不致於人)


※凡是先占據戰場而待機殲敵就可休息安逸、獲得主動，而後到達戰場則因快速急進而倉促應戰，勢必疲勞被動。所以善於指揮作戰的將領，能擺布敵人、爭取主動，而不被敵人擺布陷於被動。


One able to make the enemy come of his own accord does so by offering him some
advantage. (能使敵自至者，利之也)
And one able to stop him from coming does so by preventing him. (能使敵不得至者，害之也)


※ 能促使敵人自動就範、進入我預定的戰場，是以利誘騙敵人的結果，能使敵人不能前來進攻我軍，是用禍患來威脅敵人的結果。


Thus, when the enemy is at ease, be able to tire him, (故敵佚能勞之)
when well fed, to starve him, (飽能飢之)
when at rest to make him move. (安能動之)


※所以，如果敵人得到休整，那就要設法使其疲勞﹔如果敵人給養充足，那就要設法使其饑餓﹔如果敵軍堅守不動，那就要設法使其調動。


Appear at places which he is unable to rescue;(出其所不趨)
move swiftly in a direction where you are least expected. (趨其所不意)


※曹操注：攻其所愛，出其必趨，使敵不得不救也。因此，出兵攻擊敵人，一定是敵人必須奔赴急救的地方，而我軍隊快速移動的方向，必須是敵人料不到的地方。


That you may march a thousand li without tiring yourself is because you travel where there is no enemy. (行千里而不勞者，行於無人之地也)


1. li－里


※ 我軍行走千里遠的距離而不感到畏懼的，這是因為我軍行走的是沒有人料想的到的行軍路線的緣故啊！

]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2023874.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2023874.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 15 Aug 2006 21:07:23 +0800


20060813WIN

In tumult and uproar, the battle seems chaotic, but there must be no disorder in one's own troops.(紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂也)


※ 曹操注：亂旌旗以示敵，以金鼓齊之也。兩軍對峙，彼此都利用旗幟紛雜，人馬眾多，看似混亂的狀態，擾亂敵人，但須保持自己部隊亂中有序、鎮靜應對。


The battlefield may seem in confusion and chaos, (渾渾沌沌)
but one's array must be in good order. That will be proof against defeat. (形圓而不可敗也)


※曹操注：車騎轉也。形圓者，出入有道，齊整也。戰車轉動，人馬奔馳，在這渾沌不清的情況下作戰，必須嚴謹佈陣、保持車馬行動有序，能攻能守，使敵人無隙可乘、無懈可擊。


Apparent confusion is a product of good order;(亂生於治)
apparent cowardice, of courage; (怯生於勇)
apparent weakness, of strength. (弱生於強)


※ 曹操注：皆毀形匿情也。亂而無序是由有序偽裝轉化而來，目的是引誘敵人來攻。其下的怯生於勇，弱生於強目的相同。


Order of disorder depends on organization and direction;(治亂，數也)
courage or cowardice on circumstances; (勇怯，勢也)
strength or weakness on tactical dispositions. (強弱，形也)


※曹操注：以部曲分名數為之，故不可亂也。治或亂(看來有秩序或是混亂)，是編制、組織、指揮好壞問題﹔勇或怯，是態勢優劣、氣勢盛衰的問題﹔強或弱，是軍事力量大小的問題。


Thus, one who is skilled at making the enemy move does so by creating a situation, according to which the enemy will act.(故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之)
He entices the enemy with something he is certain to want. (予之，敵必取之)
He keeps the enemy on the move by holding out bait and then attacks him with picked troops.( 以利動之，以卒動之)


※從：跟蹤、追蹤之意。


※所以善於調動敵人的將帥，會向敵人顯示出陣形，擺出某種姿態以假象欺騙敵人，敵人就會信以為真、隨之而動；給予敵人一些誘餌，使敵人起了爭取心，誘使敵軍行動，使敵軍上當受騙，被我方早已埋伏好的重兵消滅。


Therefore, a skilled commander seeks victory from the situation and does not demand it of his subordinates. (故善戰者，求之於勢，不責於人)
He selects suitable men and exploits the situation.( 故能擇人而任勢)


※所以善於指揮作戰的將帥，他的注意力要放在尋找對全局有利的態勢上，以求先機戰勝敵人，而不會放在對下屬人員的依賴和苛求上，因而能選擇可勝任任務的部屬，充分利用有利的態勢去奪取勝利。


He who utilizes the situation uses his men in fighting as one rolls logs or stones. (任勢者，其戰人也，如轉木石)


※ 曹操注：求之於勢者，專任權也。不責於人者，權變明也。善於利用有利態勢的將帥，指揮士卒作戰，就像滾動木石一樣運轉自如。


Now, the nature of logs and stones is that on stable ground they are static; (木石之性，安則靜)
on a slope, they move.(危則動)
If square, they stop; if round, they roll. (方則止，圓則行)


Thus, the energy of troops skillfully commanded in battle may be compared to the momentum of round boulders which roll down from a mountain thousands of feet in height.(故善戰人之勢，如轉圓石於千仞之山者，勢也)


※ 仞－一仞為八尺。


※木頭和石頭的特性是：把它們放在地勢平坦處便靜止不動，把它們放在地勢陡斜處便滾動；方形木石靜止穩定，圓形木石容易轉動。所以善於指揮作戰的將領造成的態勢，就像從八千尺高的山上向下飛滾圓石那樣，迅猛不可當，這就是軍事上所謂「勢」的要領。


---The End of Art of War Chapter Five--- ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2016330.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2016330.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Mon, 14 Aug 2006 18:03:41 +0800


20060813WIN

Now, the resources of those skilled in the use of extraordinary forces are as infinite as the heavens and earth,(故善出奇者，無窮如天地)
as inexhaustible as the flow of the great rivers,(不竭如江河)
for they end and recommence –(終而複始)
cyclical, as are the movements of the sun and moon. (日月是也)
They die away and are reborn –(死而復生)
recurrent, as are the passing seasons.(四時是也)


※江河：江，長江。河，黃河。
※ 所以善於用奇兵的人，他的奇兵好像天地般沒有窮盡，好像長江黃河般不會枯竭。結束了又再開始，就像日月的交替轉換；死去了又再生長，就像四季的輪流循環。


The musical notes are only five in number, (聲不過五)
but their combinations are so infinite that one cannot visualize them all. (五聲之變，不可勝聽也)


※ 聲不過五：指宮、商、角、徵、羽五聲。聲音不過五種基本的音調，然而這五種音調經過變化組合之後，便形成許多新的樂章，聽也聽不完了。


The colors are only five in number, (色不過五)
but their blends are so various that one cannot appreciate them all.(五色之變，不可勝觀也)


※ 色不過五：指青、赤、黃、白、黑五色。顏色不過有五種基本的色調，然而這五種色調經過變化組合之後，便形成許多不同的色彩，讓人欣賞不完。


The flavors are only five in number, (味不過五)
but their blends are so various that one cannot taste them all. (五味之變，不可勝嘗也。)


※味不過五：指酸、甘、苦、辛、鹹五味。調味料不過有五種基本的味道，然而這五種味道經過變化組合之後，豐富的味覺變化讓人品嚐不完！


In battle, there are only the normal and extraordinary forces, (戰勢不過奇正)
But their combinations are limitless; none can comprehend them all. (奇正之變，不可勝窮之也)
For these two forces are mutually reproductive. (奇正相生)
It is like moving in an endless circle. (如環之無端)
Who can exhaust the possibility of their combination?(孰能窮之)


※戰鬥的主要佈陣方式，只有「奇」與「正」這兩種基本的狀態，然而「奇」與「正」經過變化組合之後，便不可窮盡了啊！奇兵與正兵交相運用，使軍隊的力量發揮相乘效果，整體行動起來，就像一個沒有端點的圓環一樣，誰能詳盡研究後找出可攻擊的縫隙？


When torrential water tosses boulders, (激水之疾，至於漂石者)
it is because of its momentum;(勢也)
when the strike of a hawk breaks the body of its prey,(鷙鳥之疾，至於毀折者)
it is because of timing.(節也)
Thus, the momentum of one skilled in war is overwhelming, and his attack precisely timed.(是故善戰者，其勢險，其節短)
His potential is that of a fully drawn crossbow; his timing, that of the release of the trigger.(勢如張弩，節如發機)


1. boulders－n.卵石,大圓石
2. momentum－n.【物】動量，衝量；氣勢，衝力
3. prey－n.被捕食的動物；vi.捕食
4. drawn－a.扭曲的,拉長的
5. crossbow－n.石弓；弩


※湍急流水以飛快速度奔瀉，使得石頭隨之漂移，是由於水勢具有巨大沖擊力使然；兇猛的老鷹以飛快的速度攻擊並捕食到獵物，是由於牠能抓準時機、配合恰當的行動節奏使然。因此，善於指揮作戰的將領，所造成的態勢是一種能獲得壓倒性勝利的態勢，對攻擊行動的時機與節奏的掌握是精準、令敵人猝不及防的。這種態勢，就像一張拉滿的弓弩，這時機與節奏，猶如動手觸發弩機的關鍵瞬間。
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2016325.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2016325.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Mon, 14 Aug 2006 18:01:27 +0800


20060813WIN

Chapter 5 : Posture of Army(第五章：兵勢)
Generally, management of a large force is the same as management of a few men. (凡治衆如治寡)
It is a matter of organization.(分數是也)


※ 曹操曰：部曲為分，什伍為數。治理人數眾多的軍隊就像治理人數少的軍隊一樣，都是組織編制的問題。


And to direct a large force is the same as to direct a few men. (鬥衆如鬥寡)
This is a matter of formations and signals. (形名是也)


※指揮大部隊作戰像指揮小部隊作戰一樣，這是通信、聯絡、指揮方面的問題。


That the army is certain to sustain the enemy's attack without suffering defeat is due to operations of the extraordinary and the normal forces.
(三軍之衆，可使必受敵而無敗，奇正是也)


※ 曹操注：正者當敵，奇兵擊不備。


※ 軍隊作戰，即使某些時候遭受敵人襲擊也不至於全軍潰敗，這是「奇正」的運用問題，所謂奇，是指靈活運用出敵不意等戰術，所謂正，是指正面迎敵的戰術。


Troops thrown against the enemy as a grindstone against eggs is an example of a solid acting upon a void.(兵之所加，如以碫投卵者，虛實是也)


※ 曹操注：以至實擊至虛也。軍隊要像以石擊卵那樣猛攻敵軍，以我軍實力最堅強時，趁敵人最虛弱的時候發動猛攻。


Generally, in battle, (凡戰者)
use the normal force to engage(以正合)
and use the extraordinary forces to win. (以奇勝)


※以正合，以奇勝。正，正兵。奇，奇兵。合，敵我交戰猶如兩軍相合，故合引伸交戰之意。此段意：作戰的方法，用正兵交戰，用奇兵取勝。
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2012451.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2012451.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sun, 13 Aug 2006 23:45:35 +0800

※ 在閱讀孫子兵法軍形這章時，讓我想到投資之神巴菲特對媒體公佈自己的投資方法－等待合理的價格與對的時機出現，然後大量買進股票並長期持有。看來不複雜的方法，很多人會驚訝它的簡單，但越簡單的道理，絕大多數投資人反而越難實踐，因為人們總是心急，急於想從股市中賺到錢、撈到好處。


※ 人們會心急，我想是由於手上資金不夠，所以希望能錢滾錢、在短時間獲利。可惜人們心急時，容易做出錯誤的決定，人們又急又貪，便沉迷於短線利多消息，而不去制定長遠投資計畫，人們忘記了投資的終極目的是賺錢，而不是在股市中耍弄自以為深奧的財經知識或那些令人目眩神迷的技術分析，常常有人會說自己短線進出績效多好多好，他們沒說的是─他們後來因為一次失誤而賠光先前的所有獲利。


※ 巴菲特持有的波克夏控股公司向來以嚴謹的公司治理著稱，他在找尋投資標的時也是找一些基本面良好、但在短時間內出現某些危機或意外導致股價下跌的公司。注重價值投資法則與安全邊際原則的他，會耐心等待適當的買進價格出現並且精算風險。


※ 在「巴菲特談投資」(What Warren Buffett Thinks 2005，財訊出版社)一書的139頁提到「巴菲特的投資紀錄的特色，一直是進行少數幾場豪賭，而不是利用許多規模較小的賭注建構投資組合。」巴菲特並不認為分散投資（雞蛋不要放在同一個籃子）是個很好的趨避風險的方式，因為那會導致投資人涉入更多他不了解的產業。


※ 巴菲特寧可花時間去認真了解一個產業、一間公司，他曾說過：「如果你的後宮裡有四十位佳麗，你永遠無法真正認識她們。」對一個產業及產業裡的每間公司情況的確實掌握，於是他可判斷什麼價位有利可圖、何時買進是好時機。波克夏的投資原則是：成功的關鍵在於保持極度的耐心，按兵不動，等待「不用大腦想也知道」的大好投資機會出現。我覺得這極其符合孫子所說的「古之善戰者，勝於易勝者也」的意涵。


※帶兵打仗也是一樣，終極目的在贏，並且盡量避免損兵折將，如果用一個巨大的損失才能換取一個巨大的勝利，在「兩大」相互抵銷下，結果可能等於零，這樣的勝利有何意義？以為自己贏了，其實贏的少的可憐，甚至不能真正算是贏。


※要獲取巨大勝利，耐心等待是必要的，當一個人手上沒有充裕的銀兩時，人不能等；當國庫虛空時，軍隊也沒有充裕的後援，在這樣的條件下，時間反而變成一個巨大的風險。


※所以孫子強調「兵法：一曰度，二曰量，三曰數，四曰稱，五曰勝。地生度，度生量，量生數，數生稱，稱生勝。」主要是在告訴國君與將領，要跟別的國家打仗的話，要先掂掂自己的斤兩，看看先天上是否佔有優勢？不要在很懸殊的情況下，以卵擊石，否則贏的期望值將等於零。


※不如先估算一下敵我國家的領土誰的比較大，擁有的人口、農作物、牲畜與各種天然資源誰比較多？誰比較有贏的實力？而如果先天條件比敵人差的話，不如先按兵不動，不要主動挑起戰爭、攻擊別人，應轉向自我勵精圖治，除了訓練軍隊、嚴格執行軍隊法令，也要專注內政，先把國家建設好再說。


※將不利於己的因素改正，讓自己犯的錯誤與缺失越少，贏的機會就越大，當你做這些事情的時候，敵人可能也一樣在做，如果你發現他們沒有這麼做，還鬆懈了、暴露出弱點，就可以考慮出手攻擊敵人，而一但確定可以出手，就不要猶豫。總之，想要贏得輕鬆漂亮，在出手前就必須審慎進行佈局，耐心等待出手時機。 ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2012440.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2012440.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sun, 13 Aug 2006 23:44:35 +0800


20060812WIN

Those skilled in war cultivate their policies and strictly adhere to the laws and regulations. (善用兵者，修道而保法)
Thus, it is in their power to control success. (故能爲勝敗之政)


※善於用兵的人先從各方面修治自己的缺失與弱點，把種種影響自己無法取勝的因素改善，並嚴格執行軍中的法令，把戰爭致勝的決定權掌握在自己手中。


Now, the elements of the art of war are(兵法)
first, the measurement of space;(一曰度)
second, the estimation of quantities;(二曰量)
third, calculations; (三曰數)
fourth, comparisons; (四曰稱)
and fifth, chances of victory.(五曰勝)


※ 兵法說要注意五種情況：第一叫做「度」，即國土面積的大小；第二叫「量」，即國家物產的多寡；第三叫「數」，即敵我雙方可能徵召和供養的兵力數量；第四叫「稱」，即敵我雙方力量對比的權衡；第五叫「勝」，即判斷勝負的可能性。


Measurements of space are derived from the ground.(地生度)
Quantities, comparisons from figures, (度生量，量生數，數生稱)
and victory from comparisons.(稱生勝)
Thus, a victorious army is as one yi balanced against a grain, (故勝兵若以鎰稱銖)
and a defeated army is as a grain balanced against one yi.( 敗兵若以銖稱鎰)


1.yi－鎰，中國古代計重單位（一鎰比一銖重五百多倍）
2.grain－銖，中國古代計重單位



※ 對雙方國土面積大小作出判斷形成「度」，由此而得出物產多寡的「量」，根據物產多寡來確定可能動員和供養的兵力數量，根據雙方兵力的數量，進行權衡對比，根據雙方力量對此判斷戰爭的勝負。所以，勝敗兩軍相較，實力是相當懸殊的。不妨以一銖和一鎰作對比。一鎰比一銖重五百多倍。勝軍比之敗軍好以以鎰比銖；敗軍比之勝軍好此以銖比鎰。


It is because of disposition that a victorious general is able to make his soldiers fight with the effect of pent-up waters which, suddenly released, plunge into a bottomless abyss. (勝者之戰，若決稻水於千刃之谿者，形也)


※ 勝利之軍在指揮士卒作戰的時候，就像從八千尺高决開溪中的積水一樣，其奔流的迅猛之勢令人難以阻擋，其強大的軍事實力是戰無不勝的，這就是軍事上「形」生動體現。


1.Measurements－n.測量法；測量,測定
2.pent-up －(感情等)被壓抑的,被抑制的
3.pent－a.被幽禁的；vt.pen的過去分詞
4.plunge into－跳入，投入
5.bottomless－a.無底的，極深的，深不可測的
6.abyss－n.深淵，深坑，深處；任何深不可測的事物


---The End of Art of War Chapter four--- ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007490.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007490.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sat, 12 Aug 2006 20:07:05 +0800


20060812WIN

Without erring he establishes the certainty of his victory; he conquers an enemy already defeated. (故其戰勝不忒，不忒者，其措必勝，勝已敗者也)
Therefore, the skillful commander takes up a position in which he cannot be defeated (故善戰者先立於不敗之地)
and misses no opportunity to overcome him enemy.(而不失敵之敗也)


※故此，善於作戰取勝者，既沒有奇異的勝利，顯不出智謀之名，也看不出勇武之戰功。他之所以能取得勝利，是因為他力保自己的軍隊不出差錯，只要自己的軍隊不出差錯，就等於是站在一個很穩固的、能夠戰勝敵人的基礎上，只要等候敵軍顯露出敗象，等敵軍犯下錯誤，就能戰勝那處於失敗地位的敵軍了。


Thus, a victorious army always seeks battle after his plans indicate that victory is possible under them, where as an army destined to defeat fights in the hope of winning but without any planning. (故勝兵先勝，而後求戰，而後求勝)


※勝利之軍總是先為自己創造取勝的條件後，才謀求與敵人交戰﹔而失敗之軍則是先盲目地首起戰端，爾後將勝利寄託於僥倖。


1. foresee－vt.預見;預知
2. triumph－n.(大)勝利，(大)成功，業績；vi.獲得勝利(或成功)
3. acclaimed－a.受到讚揚的
4. autumn down－秋毫/down的字義為n.絨毛，柔毛，羽絨
5. thunderclap－n.雷鳴，霹靂；意外事件，晴天霹靂的消息
6. in the hope of－懷著…的希望




]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007455.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007455.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sat, 12 Aug 2006 19:52:17 +0800


20060812WIN
To foresee a victory which the ordinary man can foresee is not the acme of excellence. (見勝，不過衆人之所知，非善之善者也)
Neither is it if you triumph in battle and are universally acclaimed "expert," (戰勝，而天下曰善，非善之善者也)
for to lift an autumn down requires no great strength,(故舉秋毫，不爲多力)
to distinguish between the sun and moon is no test of vision,(見日月，不爲明目)
to hear the thunderclap is no indication of acute hearing. (聞雷霆，不爲聰耳)
In ancient times, those called skilled in war conquered an enemy easily conquered.( 古之善戰者，勝於易勝者也)


※ 對勝利的預見不能超過一般人所知道的，並非最高明﹔通過艱苦的作戰而取得勝利，即便是被天下人稱道，也難以稱得上是最優秀。這好比是能舉起一根毫毛算不上是力氣大，能看見太陽和月亮算不上視力極佳，能聽得雷聲轟隆乍響算不上耳朵聰靈一樣。古人所說的善於指揮作戰的人，總是取勝於容易戰勝的敵人。


※ 這裡是說真正善於帶兵打仗的人，能夠了解並且判斷敵我軍隊形勢，運用計謀，抓住敵人的弱點，耐心等待，趁勢發起攻擊，就容易取勝，既不用反覆部署，也用不著大砍大殺，輕而易舉地取勝要比費力地取勝來的高明。


And, therefore, the victories won by a master of war gain him neither reputation for wisdom nor merit for courage, for he wins his victories without erring.(故善戰者之勝也，無智名、無勇功)
Without erring he establishes the certainty of his victory; he conquers an enemy already defeated. (故其戰勝不忒，不忒者，其措必勝，勝已敗者也)
Therefore, the skillful commander takes up a position in which he cannot be defeated (故善戰者先立於不敗之地)
and misses no opportunity to overcome him enemy.(而不失敵之敗也)


※故此，善於作戰取勝者，既沒有奇異的勝利，顯不出智謀之名，也看不出勇武之戰功。他之所以能取得勝利，是因為他力保自己的軍隊不出差錯，只要自己的軍隊不出差錯，就等於是站在一個很穩固的、能夠戰勝敵人的基礎上，只要等候敵軍顯露出敗象，等敵軍犯下錯誤，就能戰勝那處於失敗地位的敵軍了。


]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007454.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007454.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sat, 12 Aug 2006 19:51:34 +0800


20060812WIN

Chapter 4 : Dispositions (第四章：軍形)

The skillful warriors in ancient times first made themselves invincible and then awaited the enemy's moment of vulnerability.
(昔之善戰者，先爲不可勝，以待敵之可勝)
Invincibility depends on oneself, but the enemy' vulnerability on himself. (不可勝在己，可勝在敵)
It follows that those skilled in war can make themselves invincible but cannot cause an enemy to be certainly vulnerable.
(故善戰者，能爲不可勝，不能使敵必可勝)
Therefore, it can be said that, one may know how to win, but cannot necessarily do so.(故曰﹕勝可知，而不可爲)


※ 古代的用兵高手，會先設法讓自己不被敵人取勝，再等待敵人可被自己取勝的時機；不讓我軍被敵人取勝的主動權在自己手上，可以被我軍取勝的主動權在敵人手上。用兵高手，能使自己不可被敵人取勝，而不能使敵人變得可以被自己取勝。所以勝利雖可以預知，卻不可以操控！


Defend yourself when you cannot defeat the enemy, (不可勝者，守也)
and attack the enemy when you can. (可勝者，攻也)
One defends when his strength is inadequate; he attacks when it is abundant.(守則有餘)
Those who are skilled in defense hide themselves as under the nine-fold earth;(善守者，藏於九地之下)
those in attack flash forth as from above the ninefold heavens.
(善攻者，動於九天之上)
Thus, they are capable both of protecting themselves and of gaining a complete victory.(故能自保而全勝也)


※在敵人不可取勝的時候，防守；在敵人可以被取勝的時候，進攻。防守則可使力量常保有餘，攻擊則力量常因耗損而不足。能夠保有足夠軍力的人，也會得到完全的勝利。


※ 曹操注：軍之形也。我動彼應，兩敵相察情也。自修治，以待敵之虛懈也。守，固備也。


※ 九天九地說，曹操注：喻其深微。我同意曹操的看法，因為「九」這個數字，在古代中國人眼中是個至大之數，代表如天之廣大、無窮無盡、無法衡量，所以中國的皇帝一向都被叫做「九五至尊」，「九」代表天，「五」代表地的東、南、西、北、中五個方位，所以「九五」即表示「天地」－皇帝是天地間最尊貴的。曹操認為孫子用「九」來形容「博大精深」是合理的。
我想兩句之意為－決定何時攻守並不容易，是門深奧的學問，如果用兵的人能夠掌握的好，那麼他或守或攻所帶來的成效，會有如得到天助一般，對自己的軍隊帶來加乘的利多。


1. dispositions－n.性格；性情；配置；排列；部署；支配處置(權)
2. skillful－a.有技術的,熟練的；製作精巧的
3. invincible－a.無敵的；無法征服的；不屈不撓的
4. vulnerability－n.易受傷；易受責難;弱點
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007452.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2007452.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sat, 12 Aug 2006 19:50:41 +0800


20060811WIN
Thus, there are five points in which victory may be predicted: (故知勝有五)


1.He who knows when he can fight and when he cannot will be victorious.
(知可以戰與不可以戰者勝)


2. He who understands how to fight in accordance with the strength of antagonistic forces will be victorious.(識衆寡之用者勝)


3. He whose ranks are united in purpose will be victorious. (上下同欲者勝)


4.He who is well prepared and lies in wait for an enemy who is not well prepared will be victorious. (以虞待不虞者勝)


5.He whose generals are able and not interfered with by the sovereign will be victorious.(將能而君不禦者勝)


It is in these five matters that the way to victory is known. (此五者，知勝之道也)


Therefore, I say: Know your enemy and know yourself; in a hundred battles, you will never be defeated. (故曰﹕知己知彼，百戰不殆)


When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself, your chances of winning or losing are equal. (不知彼而知己，一勝一負)


If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself, you are sure to be defeated in every battle. (不知彼，不知己，每戰必敗)


1. ignorant of－在…方面的無知
2. hobble－vi.蹣跚,跛行vt. 將(馬等的)兩腳捆綁
3. perplexed－a.困惑的,茫然不知所措的
4.engenders－vt.使產生;引起vi. 產生;引起
5. in accordance with－與…一致
6. antagonistic－敵對的
7. lies in wait for－埋伏以待



---The End of Art of War Chapter Three--- ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2003417.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2003417.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Fri, 11 Aug 2006 18:07:07 +0800


20060811WIN
Now, the general is the assistant to the sovereign of the state.
(夫將者，國之輔也)
If this assistance is all-embracing, the state will surely be strong;
(輔周則國必強)
if defective, the state will certainly be weak.
(輔隙則國必弱)


1. sovereign－n.君主,元首;最高統治者
2.all-embracing－a.全部的,包羅萬象的
3.defective－a.有缺陷的,不完美的


Now, there are three ways in which a sovereign can bring misfortune upon his army:(故君所以患於軍者三)


1.When ignorant that the army should not advance, to order an advance; or when ignorant that it should not retire, to order a retirement. This is described as "hobbling the army."
(不知三軍之不可以進而謂之進，不知三軍之不可以退而謂之退，是顯縻軍)


※ 縻軍：指牽制束縛其軍,使不得自由行動


2.When ignorant of military affairs, to interfere in their administration. This causes the officers to be perplexed.
(不知三軍之事，而同三軍之政，則軍士惑矣)


3.When ignorant of command problems, to interfere with the direction of the fighting. This engenders doubts in the minds of the officers.
(不知三軍之權，而同三軍之任，則軍士疑矣)
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2003403.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2003403.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Fri, 11 Aug 2006 18:04:05 +0800


20060811WIN
Thus, those skilled in war subdue the enemy's army without battle.
(故善用兵者，屈人之兵，而非戰也)


They capture the enemy's cities without assaulting them and overthrow his state without protracted operations.( 拔人之城，而非攻也，毀人之國，而非久也)


Their aim is to take all under heaven intact by strategic considerations. (必以全爭於天下)


Thus, their troops are not worn out and their gains will be complete.
(故兵不頓而利可全)


This is the art of offensive strategy. (此謀攻之法也。)


Consequently, the art of using troops is this: (故用兵之法)


When ten to the enemy's one, surround him.
(十則圍之-你的軍力是敵人的十倍時，包圍他)


When five times his strength, attack him.
(五則攻之-你的軍力是敵人的五倍時，攻打他)


If double his strength, divide him.
(倍則分之－如果軍力只有敵人的一倍，想辦法分化他們)


If equally matched, you may engage him with some good plan.
(敵則能戰之－勢均力敵時，若有好的計策則可嘗試與他交手)


If weaker numerically, be capable of withdrawing.
(少則能守之－軍力比敵人弱，就先撤退)


And if in all respects unequal, be capable of eluding him,
(不若則能避之－各方面都比敵人差，能閃就閃，儘量逃避他)


for a small force is but booty for one more powerful if it fights recklessly.
(故小敵之堅，大敵之擒也)


※曹操注：小不能當大用－意為敵我軍力懸殊時，不要逞強，免得白白犧牲。


]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2003189.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/2003189.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Fri, 11 Aug 2006 17:16:21 +0800


20060810WIN

Thus, what is of supreme importance in war is to attack the enemy's strategy. (故上兵伐謀)
Next best is to disrupt his alliances by diplomacy. (其次伐交)
The next best is to attack his army. (其次伐兵)
And the worst policy is to attack cities. (其下攻城)


※因此最上等的用兵策略是使用謀略，其次是使用外交斡旋，其次是動用軍隊作戰，最下等的策略是攻擊敵人的城池。(攻城的準備功夫費時，搞不好會錯過最佳的攻擊時機，將領也可能因為不耐等待而冒進，導致損兵折將，城池又攻不下來)


Attack cities only when there is no alternative(攻城之法，爲不得已)
because to prepare big shields and wagons and make ready the necessary arms and equipment require at least three months, (修櫓轒轀，具器械，三月而後成)
and to pile up earthen ramps against the walls requires an additional three months. (距閩又三月而後已)


※曹操注：修，治也。櫓，大楯也。轒轀者，轒床也；轒床其下四輪，從中推之至城下也。具，備也。器械者，機關攻守之總名，飛樓雲梯之屬。距闉者，踴土積高而前，以附其城也。


The general, unable to control his impatience,(將不勝其忿)
will order his troops to swarm up the wall like ants, (兩蟻附之)
with the result that one-third of them will be killed without taking the city.(殺士卒三分之一，而城不拔者)


※ 曹操注：將忿不待攻器成，而使士卒緣城而上，如蟻之緣牆，必殺傷士卒也。


Such is the calamity of attacking cities.(此攻之災也)


]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1999377.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1999377.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Thu, 10 Aug 2006 21:39:31 +0800


20060810WIN
Chapter 3 : Offensive Strategy(第三章：謀攻)

Generally, in war the best policy is to take a state intact; to ruin it is inferior to this.
(凡用兵之法，全國爲上，破國次之)
To capture the enemy's entire army is better than to destroy it;
(全軍爲上，破軍次之)
to take intact a regiment, a company, or a squad is better than to destroy them.
( 旅爲上，破旅次之全卒爲上，破卒次之全伍爲上，破伍次之。)


1. inferior to－比…差(不如)
2. regiment－【軍】團
1. company－【軍】連
2. squad－【軍】班


For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill.
(是故百戰百勝，非善之善者也)
To subdue the enemy without fighting is the supreme excellence.
(不戰而屈人之兵，善之善者也)

]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1999371.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1999371.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Thu, 10 Aug 2006 21:38:39 +0800


20060809WIN
Hence, a wise general sees to it that his troops feed on the enemy,(故智將務食於敵)
for one zhong of the enemy's provisions is equivalent to twenty of one's own (食敵一鐘，當吾二十鐘)
and one shi of the enemy's fodder to twenty shi of one's own.(艸忌杆一石，當吾二十石)


1. zhong－鐘(中國古代計量單位)
2. shi－石(中國古代計量單位，其正確發音應為”但”)
一鐘大約為6.4石，一石大約今日的76公斤(kg)


In order to make the soldiers courageous in overcoming the enemy, they must be roused to anger. (故殺敵者，怒也)
In order to capture more booty from the enemy, soldiers must have their rewards. (取敵之利者，貨也)
Therefore, in chariot fighting when more than ten chariots are captured, (車戰得車十乘以上)
reward those who take the first. (賞其先得者)
Replace the enemy's flags and banners with you own,(而更其旌旗)
mix the captured chariots with yours, and mount them. (車雜而乘之)
Treat the prisoners of war well, and care for them. (卒善而養之-卒為戰俘)
This is called "winning a battle and becoming stronger." (是謂勝敵而益強)


Hence, what is valued in war is victory, not prolonged operations. (故兵貴勝，不貴久)
And the general who understands how to employ troops is the minister of the people's fate and arbiter of the nation's destiny. (故知兵之將，民之司命。國家安危之主也)


---The End of Art of War Chapter Two--- ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1993562.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1993562.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Wed, 09 Aug 2006 17:21:02 +0800


20060809WIN
Those adept in waging war do not require a second levy of conscripts or more that two provisioning. (善用兵者，役不再籍，糧不三載)
They carry military equipment from the homeland, (取用於國)
but rely on the enemy for provisions.(因糧於敵)
Thus, the army is plentifully provided with food. (故軍食可足也)


※這句的意思是要靠著在戰爭中攔截敵人的糧食來供應自己的軍隊，就不怕軍糧短缺，這也就是拿破崙萬里長征攻打俄國時，為何俄國人採取焦土策略，寧把帶不走的物資全部燒光，也不肯留下給拿破崙軍隊接收，而拿破崙軍隊在軍糧與其他軍需後繼無援的情況下，大量地冷死餓死在俄國的冰天雪地裡，導致拿破崙失敗。


1.adept in－善於
2.levy－vt.徵集(兵員)；徵收(稅等)；【律】扣押 n.徵稅,課稅;徵兵
3. conscript－a.被徵召的n.應徵士兵 vt.徵召

When a country is impoverished by military operations, It is due to distant transportation; (國之貧于師者遠輸)
carrying supplies for great distances renders the people destitute. (遠輸則百姓貧)


※ 國家會搞到窮困不堪，在於戰線太長，軍隊與軍需品運輸難度很高，人力物力都浪費在長途跋涉之中。戰線拉長通常不是好事，軍力佈局、資源調度要考慮的範圍太大，很容易意外橫生、超出控制。戰國時代秦國採取遠交近攻的策略不是沒有道理的，先與遠方的國家建交，再把旁邊的國家打下來，一步步向更遠的目標進攻，是較穩健的做法。


Where troops are gathered, prices go up. (近師者貴賣)
When prices rise, the wealth of the people is drained away. (貴賣則百姓財竭)
※ 因為要打仗軍隊需要許多物資，或者有人想要發戰爭財，所以當軍隊在那集結，那裡的物價就會狂漲。物價高的不像話，百姓的支出也暴增結果就變得很窮。


1.impoverished－a.窮困的；赤貧的；耗竭的；無創造性的
1. destitute－a.缺乏的,沒有的(+of) 2. 窮困的,貧困的

When wealth is drained away, the people will be afflicted with urgent and heavy exactions. (財竭則急於丘役)


※ 百姓變窮了，政府稅收不夠，就變本加厲強行徵收。

1. exaction－n.強徵;勒索2.強索之物;苛捐雜稅

With this loss of wealth and exhaustion of strength, (力屈中原)
the households in the country will be extremely poor (內虛于家)
and seven-tenths of their wealth dissipated. (百姓之費，十去其七)

As to government expenditures, (公家之費)
those due to broken-down chariots, worn-out horses, (破軍罷馬)
armor and helmets,bows and arrows, (甲胄矢弓)
spears and shields, protective mantlets,( 戟盾矛櫓)
draft oxen, and wagons(丘牛大車)
will amount to 60 percent of the total.(十去其六)
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1993557.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1993557.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Wed, 09 Aug 2006 17:19:34 +0800


20060808WIN
A speedy victory is the main object in war. (其用戰也-戰爭發動了)
※打仗最重要的事就是迅速取得勝利-這段是承前段所說打仗將” 費日千金”
消耗資源甚鉅，因此能夠速戰速決最重要
If this is long in coming, weapons are blunted and morale depressed. (勝久則鈍兵挫銳)
If troops are attacking cities, their strength will be exhausted. (攻城則力屈)
When the army engages in protracted campaigns,(久暴師)
the resources of the state will fall short.(則國用不足)
When your weapons are dulled and ardor dampened, (夫鈍兵挫銳)
your strength exhausted and treasure spent, (屈力殫貨)
the chieftains of the neighboring states will take advantage of your crisis to act.
(則諸侯乘其弊而起)
In that case, no man, however wise, will be able to avert the disastrous consequences that ensue.
(雖有智者不能善其後矣)


Thus, while we have heard of stupid haste in war, we have not yet seen a clever operation that was prolonged, (故兵聞拙速，未睹巧之久也)
there has never been a protracted war which benefited a country. (夫兵久而國利者，未之有也)
Therefore, those unable to understand the evils inherent in employing troops (故不盡知用兵之害者)
are equally unable to understand the advantageous ways of doing so. (則不能盡知用兵之利也)
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1989388.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1989388.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 08 Aug 2006 19:02:31 +0800


20060808WIN
Chapter 2 : Waging War (第二章 :作戰)
In operations of war-(凡用兵之法)
when one thousand fast four-horse chariots, (馳車千駟—一千輛四匹馬拉行的戰車)
one thousand heavy chariots, (革車千乘—一千輛用來運輸補給用的重車)
and one hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers are required; (帶甲十萬--十萬名必須穿戴上盔甲的士兵)
when provisions are transported for a thousand mile;(千里而饋糧—行軍千里運輸戰備物資)
when there are expenditures at home and at the front,(外內之費—官兵們的安家費與上前線的薪水)
and stipends for entertainment of envoys and advisers-(賓客之用)
the cost of materials such as glue and lacquer,(膠漆之財)
and of chariots and armor, (車甲之奉)
will amount to one thousand pieces of gold a day. (費日千金)
One hundred thousand troops may be dispatched only when this money is in hand. (然後十萬之師舉矣)


1. provision—vt.向...供應糧食(或必需品等)
2. stipend—n.津貼，薪餉
3. entertainment—n.招待
4. envoy—n.外交使節，全權公使
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1989366.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1989366.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 08 Aug 2006 18:55:45 +0800


20060808WIN
Now, if the estimates made before a battle indicate victory,(夫未戰而廟算勝者)
it is because careful calculations show that your conditions are more favorable than those of your enemy;(得算多也)
If they indicate defeat, it is because careful calculations show that favorable conditions for a battle are fewer. (未戰而廟算不勝者*英文略，得算少也)

With more careful calculations, one can win;(多算勝) with less, one cannot. (少算敗)
How much less chance of victory has one who makes no calculations at all! (況無算乎！)
By this means, one can foresee the outcome of a battle. (吾以此觀之，勝負見矣)


---The End of Art of War Chapter One--- ]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1986932.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1986932.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 08 Aug 2006 01:28:21 +0800


20060808WIN
All warfare is based on deception. (兵者，詭道也)
Therefore, when capable of attacking, feign incapacity; (故能而示之不能)
when active in moving troops, feign inactivity.(用而示之不用)
When near the enemy, make it seem that you are far away; (近而示之遠)
when far away, make it seem that you are near.(遠而示之近)


Hold out baits to lure the enemy. (故利而誘之)
Strike the enemy when he is in disorder. (亂而取之)
Prepare against the enemy when he is secure at all points. (實而備之)
Avoid the enemy for the time being when he is stronger. (強而避之)
If your opponent is of choleric temper, try to irritate him. (怒而橈之)
If he is arrogant, try to encourage his egotism.（卑而驕之）
If the enemy troops are well prepared after reorganization, try to wear them down.（佚而勞之）
If they are united, try to sow dissension among them.（親而離之）
Attack the enemy where he is unprepared, and appear where you are not expected（攻其無備，出其不意）
These are the keys to victory for a strategist. It is not possible to formulate them in detail beforehand. （此兵家之勝，不可預傳也）
]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1986879.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1986879.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Tue, 08 Aug 2006 01:16:27 +0800


20060807WIN
Therefore, in laying plans, compare the following seven elements, (故校之以計)appraising them with the utmost care. (以索其情)
※這段的中文原意為：因此接下來有七項要素必須在決定作戰計畫前，透過仔細評估，以得知在這些項目中，敵對雙方中哪一方佔了較多優勢(以索其情)？


1. Which ruler is wise and more able? (主孰賢？)
2.Which commander is more talented? (將孰能？)
3.Which army obtains the advantages of nature and the terrain? (天地孰得？地理優勢)
4.In which army are regulations and instructions better carried out? (法令孰行？)
5.Which troops are stronger? (兵眾孰強？)
6.Which army has the better-trained officers and men? (士卒孰練？)
7.Which army administers rewards and punishments in a more enlightened and correct way?(賞罰孰明？)


By means of these seven elements, I shall be able to forecast which side will be victorious and which will be defeated.(吾以此知勝負矣。)


The general who heeds my counsel is sure to win. Such a general should be retained in command. (將聽吾計，用之必勝，留之)
One who ignores my counsel is certain to be defeated. Such a one should be dismissed. (將不聽吾計，用之必敗，去之)


Having paid attention to my counsel and plans, the general must create a situation which will contribute to their accomplishment. (計利以聽，乃為之勢，以佐其外)
By "situation" I mean he should take the field situation into consideration and act in accordance with what is advantageous. (勢者，因利而制權也)


]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1982252.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1982252.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Mon, 07 Aug 2006 00:05:56 +0800



20060807WIN
1. Politics (道者)
Politics means that the thing which causes the people to be in harmony with their ruler (令民與上同意者也)so that they will follow him in disregard of their lives and without fear of any danger. (故可與之死，可與之生，民弗詭也)


2. Weather(天者)
Weather signifies night and day(陰陽), cold and heat(寒暑), fine days and rain(時制也), and change of seasons(順逆，兵勝也).
※曹操<孫子略解>：順天行誅，因陰陽四時之制。故《司馬法》曰：『冬夏不興師，所以兼愛吾民也。』^我所看的英文版中並無(順逆，兵勝也)的翻譯。


3. Terrain(地者)
Terrain means distances, and refers to whether the ground is traversed with ease or difficulty and to whether it is open or constricted, and influences your chances of life or death. (高下、廣狹、遠近、險易、死生也)
※ 英文版中將此段孫子兵法原文做一整體意義翻譯，不適合逐句中文相應。意義：在做戰略佈局前，對地形地勢等地理條件的評估，會對結果輸贏及軍隊生死產生影響。


4. Commander(將者)
The commander stands for the general's qualities of wisdom(智), sincerity(信), benevolence(仁), courage(勇), and strictness(嚴也).
※此段意為:評估一個軍隊將領是否適任，要看他是否具備智、信、仁、勇、嚴五個特質，這五特質可以綜合看出一個將領的能力與品格。


5. Doctrine(法者)
Doctrine is to be understood as the organization of the army(曲制), the gradations of rank among the officers(官), the regulations of supply routes(道), and the provision of military materials to the army.(主用也)
※此段說明「法」指的是：部隊的編制與組織階級、官吏的指揮管理、補給線的調節運用與補給工作的執行，這些範疇事務的方法與規定。


These five fundamental factors are familiar to every general. (凡此五者，將莫不聞)
Those who master them win; those who do not are defeated. (知之者勝，不知者不勝。
※凡是這五件事，將帥應該要熟悉知曉(將領中沒有不知道的)；能熟悉其中道理的將領會在戰中取得勝利，不知道其中道理的則會打敗仗。


]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1981770.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1981770.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sun, 06 Aug 2006 22:43:20 +0800


20080806WIN
Art of War - Sun Tzu(戰爭的藝術-孫子兵法)
Chapter 1 : Estimates(第一章：計)


War is a matter of vital importance to the state; (兵者，國之大事也)
a matter of life or death,(死生之地)
the road either to survival or to ruin.(存亡之道)
Hence, it is imperative that it be studied thoroughly.(不可不察也)
Therefore, appraise it in terms of the five fundamental factors(故經之以五)
and make comparisons of the various conditions of the antagonistic sides in order to ascertain the results of a war. (校之以計，以索其情)


The first of these factors is politics; (一曰道)
the second, weather; (二曰天)
the third, terrain; (三曰地)
the fourth, the commander; (四曰將)
and the fifth, doctrine. (五曰法)


]]> http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1981288.html http://blog.roodo.com/perennial_plants/archives/1981288.html 中翻英←→英翻中 Sun, 06 Aug 2006 20:55:59 +0800