Perennial plants 多年生植物

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※今天晚上剛讀完中英文版的孫子兵法，在這為期兩週的閱讀歷程中，我的閱讀過程是先看孫子原文，再對照英文，這一看便發現英文版翻譯的很白話，看完英文的部分後，通常也能立即了解孫子在說什麼，但如果還是有「卡住」的地方，便會參考後人對它的注解，其中有現代白話文版的，也有三國時代曹操親著的＜孫子略解＞，曹操的註解尤其對我在理解孫子兵法原文上有很大的幫助，因此也多所引用在我的網頁裡。


※而本次所讀的英文版是網友在奇摩知識站上提供的，網址如下：http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/?qid=1105070408122，可惜裡面第七章後半部有闕漏，並且無第八章與第九章，經追查後發現其它的來源為下面這個網站http://www.4kidsite.com/story/literal/chinese/index.html，瀏覽後發現它本來就欠缺該章節，為了能滿足自己一覽英文版的慾望，我再上奇摩搜尋後，發現英文版其實有許多種版本，接著在網路上搜尋了相關網站後，將找到的其他版本，花了些時間進行比較。但我始終認為還是此次我部落格中所「賴以為PO」的那個版本翻譯的最為成功與最貼切，它的用字遣詞和呈現出來的美感，使我認為其它版本只能望其項背，我曾考慮過在第七章闕漏處接上其他版本所翻譯的，可是前半段與後半段讀起來的感覺明顯有落差，加上自己在後來的搜尋中發現到有的版本有COPYRIGHT的保護，有的則沒有，我不清楚這個版有還是沒有，在沒弄清楚前，不便繼續PO出其他章節(已PO出13分之6，不到50%，這樣有沒有關係?有人知道的話請告訴我，謝謝!)


※事實上把孫子兵法內容PO到部落格上所花的時間，比起自己讀書所花的還多，除了開始時要想怎麼呈現給大家看之外，還要進行製作圖片、上傳與上傳後校對修改的工作，這過程讓我領會到其他用心經營著精采部落格的人士(比如我的朋友老徐與他扣人心弦的部落格－廢業青年日記)所花的心力是何等驚人，而那些很讚很讚的部落格的營建過程是多麼偉大。


※如果有熱愛孫子兵法者想要看見其他英文章節，可以考慮參考三國誌遊戲官網http://www.sanguo-online.com/artofwar/eaofch8.php，他們有自己翻譯英文版本，原先我看不到第七章後半段及第八、九章的遺憾，最終藉由他們來補足了。


※還有http://www.sonshi.com/learn.html這個網站上的英文版Translated from the Chinese By LIONEL GILES, M.A. (1910)，據說因為年代久遠，或說已經超過著作權的50年保護期限，因此是目前可公開全文轉載的版本。


※其他孫子兵法參考網頁如下：


http://home.kimo.com.tw/sufum.tw/
http://artofwar.thetao.info/china/text.htm
http://www.agent-m.net/Book/O-1-014-3.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_War
http://www.geocities.com/wangawanga7/aow.htm
http://www.agent-m.net/Culture/Eightbook/EB-0-3.htm


祝 閱讀愉快

20060815WIN

Now, an army may be likened to water, (夫兵形象水)
for just as flowing water avoids the heights and hastens to the lowlands,(水之形避高而趨下)
so an army should avoid strength and strike weakness. (兵之形，避實而擊虛)
And as water shapes its flow in accordance with the ground,(水因地而制流)
so an army manages its victory in accordance with the situation of the enemy. (兵應敵而制勝)


※軍隊陣形應該要像流水一樣：水流運行時，避開高處而趨向低處；軍隊取勝的戰術，則是避開實力堅實的敵人轉而攻擊實力較虛的敵人。因此水流憑藉著地勢而制定流向，軍隊憑藉著敵人而制定出取勝的策略。


And as water has no constant form, (故兵無常勢)
there are in warfare no constant conditions.(水無常形)
Thus, one able to win the victory by modifying his tactics in accordance with the enemy situation may be said to be divine. (能因敵變化而取勝者，謂之神)



※ 軍隊沒有固定的陣勢，如水一般也沒有固定的形態，能隨著敵人的不同而加以變化的，叫做達到神奇的境界。


Of the five elements [water, fire, metal, wood, and earth], none is always predominant;(故五行無常勝)
of the four seasons, none lasts forever; (四時無常位)
of the days, some are long and some short, (日有短長)
and the moon waxes and wanes. (月有死生)
That is also the law of employing troops.


※ 中文版只到「月有死生」一句，That is also the law of employing troops.是英文版加以說明孫子的五行、四季、日月說，乃用以比喻應靈活用兵。


※ 金木水火土，五行相生相剋，沒有永遠取勝的一方，四季更迭，沒有總是停留在哪一季；日照時間有長有短，月亮形狀有盈有虧。一切都是變化著的。



---The End of Art of War Chapter Six---

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Although I estimate the troops of Yue as many,(以吾度之，越人之兵雖多)
of what benefit is this superiority with respect to the outcome of war? (亦奚益於勝敗哉？)
※ 所以就我的推算，超過敵人的兵力雖然很多，又能對取勝敵人產生什麼幫助呢！


Thus, I say that victory can be achieved.(故曰：勝可為也)
for even if the enemy is numerically stronger,(敵雖眾)
I can prevent him from engaging.(可使無鬥)


※所以說：勝利，可以實現；敵人人數雖多，也可以使他們無法與我交戰啊！


Therefore, analyze the enemy's plans so that you will know his shortcomings as strong points.(故策之而知得失之計)
Agitate him in order to ascertain the pattern of his movement.(作之而知動靜之理)
Lure him out to reveal his dispositions and ascertain his position.(形之而知死生之地)
Launch a probing attack in order to learn where his strength is abundant and where deficient.(角之而知有餘不足之處)

The ultimate in disposing one's troops is to conceal them without ascertainable shape.(故形兵之極，至於無形)

Then the most penetrating spies cannot pry nor can the wise lay plans against you.
(無形，則深間不能窺，智者不能謀)


※ 變化軍隊陣勢形態的極致，就是讓人看不出其中有什麼樣的形態。因為無形，所以令人摸不著頭緒，所以連滲透到軍隊裡的間諜也無法一窺究竟，即使是高明的智者也不能理解其運作、無法想出攻破它的方法。


It is according to the situations that plans are laid for victory,(因形而錯勝於眾)
but the multitude does not comprehend this.(眾不能知)


※ 曹操注：因敵形而立勝。根據形勢情況不同而先制定出不同的策略等著取勝眾人，眾人卻不能知道我為何能贏。


Although everyone can see the outward aspects, (人皆知我所以勝之形)
none understands how the victory is achieved. (而莫知吾所以制勝之形)


曹操注：不以一形勝萬形。或曰：不備知也。制勝者，人皆知吾所以勝，莫知吾因敵形而制勝也。人們只知道我因為陣形取勝，但不知道我其實是看了敵人的陣形後，順其勢擺出可破解它的陣勢。


Therefore, when a victory is won, one's tactics are not repeated.(故其戰勝不復)
One should always respond to circumstances in an infinite variety of ways.(而應形於無窮)


※ 因此戰勝後不應執著於重複使用同一個陣勢，應該無窮盡地隨敵人的陣形來加以變化。

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For if he prepares to the front, his rear will be weak,(故備前則後寡)
and if to the rear, his front will be fragile.(備後則前寡)
If he strengthens his left, his right will be vulnerable,(故備左則右寡)
and if his right, there will be few troops on his left.(備右則左寡)


And when he sends troops everywhere, he will be weak everywhere.(無所不備，則無所不寡)
Numerical weakness comes from having to guard against possible attacks;( 寡者備人者也)
numerical strength from forcing the enemy to make these preparations against us.(眾者使人備己者也)


※所以防備前面的人，後面的人數就少了；防備後面的人，前面的人數就少了；防備左邊的人，右邊的人數就少了；防備右邊的人，左邊的人數就少了；沒有地方不加以防備的人，就沒有任何一個地方的人數是多的了。所以所謂的人數少，是由於防備敵人的緣故；所謂的人數多，是使人防備自己的緣故啊！


If one knows where and when a battle will be fought,(故知戰之地，知戰之日)
his troops can march a thousand li and meet on the field.(則可千里而會戰)
But if one knows neither the battleground nor the day of battle,(不知戰之地，不知戰之日)

the left will be unable to aid the right (則左不能救右)
and the right will be unable to aid the left,(右不能救左)
and the van will be unable to support the rear,(前不能救後)
and the rear will be unable to support the van.(後不能救前)
How much more is this so when separated by several tens of li or, indeed, be even a few! (而況遠者數十里，近者數裏乎？)


※知道交戰的日子與地點，即使千里遠的距離也可以前去交戰；不知道交戰的日子與地點，則前鋒軍隊不能援救後面的，後面的不能援救前面的，左邊的不能援救右邊的，右邊的不能援救左邊的：何況遠的相距了數十里的距離，而近的也相距了數里的距離呢？

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If I am able to determine the enemy's dispositions while, at the same time, I conceal my own, then I can concentrate my forces and his must be divided.(故形人而我無形，則我專而敵分)


※所以善於統帥軍隊的人，能讓敵人現形而使自己無形，那麼我方的兵力便團結而不分散，而敵人的兵力則分散而不團結了。


And if I concentrate while he divides, I can use my entire strength to attack a
fraction of his.(我專為一，敵分為十，是以十攻其一也)


※我方團結成為一體，敵人分散成為十個部分，這使得我能以用十倍於敵人的兵力來攻擊敵人啊！

Therefore, I will be numerically superior. (則我眾而敵寡)
Then, if I am able to use many to strike few at the selected point,(能以眾擊寡者)
those I deal with will fall into hopeless straits.(則吾之所與戰者，約矣)


※ 因此，我方人數較敵方人數佔優勢，我軍以人數多擊敗敵方人數少力量分散的軍隊，與我交手的敵軍都將陷入絕境。


The enemy must not know where I intend to give battle.(吾所與戰之地不可知)
For if he does not know where I intend to give battle,(不可知)
he must prepare in a great many places.(則敵所備者多)
And when he prepares in a great many places,(敵所備者多)
those I have to fight in will be few. (則吾之所戰者，寡矣)


※我要與敵人交戰的地點，不能先讓敵人知道，敵人不知道我要攻打哪裡，所要設法防備的地方就增多了；當敵人所要防備的地方增多，則他所能用來作戰的人數就相對的減少了啊！

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His offensive will be irresistible if he makes for his enemy's weak positions;(進而不可禦者，沖其虛也)
he cannot be overtaken when he withdraws if he moves swiftly.(退而不可追者，速而不可及也)

When I wish to give battle,(故我欲戰)
my enemy, even though protected by high walls and deep moats, (敵雖高壘深溝)
cannot help but engage me,(不得不與我戰者)
for I attack a position he must relieve.(攻其所必救也)


When I wish to avoid battle,(我不欲戰)
I may defend myself simply be drawing a line on the ground;(雖畫地而守之)
the enemy will be unable to attack me because I divert him from going where he wishes.(敵不得與我戰者，乖其所之也)


※進攻時，敵人不能抵禦的原因，是因為我軍衝向了敵人防守空虛的地方﹔撤退時，敵人追趕不上的原因，是因為我軍撤退速度快。所以，我軍要想和敵人作戰，敵人即使高築堡壘、深挖戰壕，也不得不出來跟我軍交戰。這是因為攻打了敵人必須要救援的要害地區﹔我軍不想和敵人交戰，即使是畫地而守，敵人也無法跟我軍交戰，這是因為我軍設法把敵人引到了別的方向。

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To be certain to take what you attack is to attack a place the enemy does not or cannot protect. (攻而必取者，攻其所不守也)
To be certain to hold what you defend is to defend a place the enemy dares not or is not
able to attack.(守而必固者，守其所不攻也)
Therefore, against those skilled in attack, the enemy does not know where to defend, (故善攻者，敵不知其所守)
and against the experts in defense, the enemy does not know where to attack.(善守者，敵不知其所攻)


※ 曹操注：出空擊虛，避其所守，擊其不意。


※ 進攻一地而能攻得下，是因為攻打的是敵人沒有防守或不易守住的地方﹔防守一地而能守得住，是因為防守的是敵人不敢來攻打或無法攻打的地方。因此，善於進攻的將領，會使敵人不知道該在何地防守才好﹔善於防守的將帥，會使敵人不知道應該向何地進攻才好。


How subtle and insubstantial, that the expert leaves no trace.(微乎微乎，至於無形)
How divinely mysterious, that he is inaudible.(神乎神乎，至於無聲)
Thus, he is master of his enemy's fate.(故能為敵之司命)


※微妙啊，微妙啊！微妙得看不出一點形跡﹔神奇啊，神奇啊，神奇得聽不出一點聲息，所以這樣的將帥才能成為敵人命運的主宰。

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Chapter 6 : Void and Actuality(第六章：虛實)

Generally, he who occupies the field of battle first and awaits his enemy is at ease,(凡先處戰地而待敵者佚)
and he who comes later to the scene and rushes into the fight is weary. (後處戰地而趨戰者勞)
And, therefore, those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle
and are not brought there by him. (故善戰者，致人而不致於人)


※凡是先占據戰場而待機殲敵就可休息安逸、獲得主動，而後到達戰場則因快速急進而倉促應戰，勢必疲勞被動。所以善於指揮作戰的將領，能擺布敵人、爭取主動，而不被敵人擺布陷於被動。


One able to make the enemy come of his own accord does so by offering him some
advantage. (能使敵自至者，利之也)
And one able to stop him from coming does so by preventing him. (能使敵不得至者，害之也)


※ 能促使敵人自動就範、進入我預定的戰場，是以利誘騙敵人的結果，能使敵人不能前來進攻我軍，是用禍患來威脅敵人的結果。


Thus, when the enemy is at ease, be able to tire him, (故敵佚能勞之)
when well fed, to starve him, (飽能飢之)
when at rest to make him move. (安能動之)


※所以，如果敵人得到休整，那就要設法使其疲勞﹔如果敵人給養充足，那就要設法使其饑餓﹔如果敵軍堅守不動，那就要設法使其調動。


Appear at places which he is unable to rescue;(出其所不趨)
move swiftly in a direction where you are least expected. (趨其所不意)


※曹操注：攻其所愛，出其必趨，使敵不得不救也。因此，出兵攻擊敵人，一定是敵人必須奔赴急救的地方，而我軍隊快速移動的方向，必須是敵人料不到的地方。


That you may march a thousand li without tiring yourself is because you travel where there is no enemy. (行千里而不勞者，行於無人之地也)


1. li－里


※ 我軍行走千里遠的距離而不感到畏懼的，這是因為我軍行走的是沒有人料想的到的行軍路線的緣故啊！

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In tumult and uproar, the battle seems chaotic, but there must be no disorder in one's own troops.(紛紛紜紜，鬥亂而不可亂也)


※ 曹操注：亂旌旗以示敵，以金鼓齊之也。兩軍對峙，彼此都利用旗幟紛雜，人馬眾多，看似混亂的狀態，擾亂敵人，但須保持自己部隊亂中有序、鎮靜應對。


The battlefield may seem in confusion and chaos, (渾渾沌沌)
but one's array must be in good order. That will be proof against defeat. (形圓而不可敗也)


※曹操注：車騎轉也。形圓者，出入有道，齊整也。戰車轉動，人馬奔馳，在這渾沌不清的情況下作戰，必須嚴謹佈陣、保持車馬行動有序，能攻能守，使敵人無隙可乘、無懈可擊。


Apparent confusion is a product of good order;(亂生於治)
apparent cowardice, of courage; (怯生於勇)
apparent weakness, of strength. (弱生於強)


※ 曹操注：皆毀形匿情也。亂而無序是由有序偽裝轉化而來，目的是引誘敵人來攻。其下的怯生於勇，弱生於強目的相同。


Order of disorder depends on organization and direction;(治亂，數也)
courage or cowardice on circumstances; (勇怯，勢也)
strength or weakness on tactical dispositions. (強弱，形也)


※曹操注：以部曲分名數為之，故不可亂也。治或亂(看來有秩序或是混亂)，是編制、組織、指揮好壞問題﹔勇或怯，是態勢優劣、氣勢盛衰的問題﹔強或弱，是軍事力量大小的問題。


Thus, one who is skilled at making the enemy move does so by creating a situation, according to which the enemy will act.(故善動敵者，形之，敵必從之)
He entices the enemy with something he is certain to want. (予之，敵必取之)
He keeps the enemy on the move by holding out bait and then attacks him with picked troops.( 以利動之，以卒動之)


※從：跟蹤、追蹤之意。


※所以善於調動敵人的將帥，會向敵人顯示出陣形，擺出某種姿態以假象欺騙敵人，敵人就會信以為真、隨之而動；給予敵人一些誘餌，使敵人起了爭取心，誘使敵軍行動，使敵軍上當受騙，被我方早已埋伏好的重兵消滅。


Therefore, a skilled commander seeks victory from the situation and does not demand it of his subordinates. (故善戰者，求之於勢，不責於人)
He selects suitable men and exploits the situation.( 故能擇人而任勢)


※所以善於指揮作戰的將帥，他的注意力要放在尋找對全局有利的態勢上，以求先機戰勝敵人，而不會放在對下屬人員的依賴和苛求上，因而能選擇可勝任任務的部屬，充分利用有利的態勢去奪取勝利。


He who utilizes the situation uses his men in fighting as one rolls logs or stones. (任勢者，其戰人也，如轉木石)


※ 曹操注：求之於勢者，專任權也。不責於人者，權變明也。善於利用有利態勢的將帥，指揮士卒作戰，就像滾動木石一樣運轉自如。


Now, the nature of logs and stones is that on stable ground they are static; (木石之性，安則靜)
on a slope, they move.(危則動)
If square, they stop; if round, they roll. (方則止，圓則行)


Thus, the energy of troops skillfully commanded in battle may be compared to the momentum of round boulders which roll down from a mountain thousands of feet in height.(故善戰人之勢，如轉圓石於千仞之山者，勢也)


※ 仞－一仞為八尺。


※木頭和石頭的特性是：把它們放在地勢平坦處便靜止不動，把它們放在地勢陡斜處便滾動；方形木石靜止穩定，圓形木石容易轉動。所以善於指揮作戰的將領造成的態勢，就像從八千尺高的山上向下飛滾圓石那樣，迅猛不可當，這就是軍事上所謂「勢」的要領。


---The End of Art of War Chapter Five---

20060813WIN

Now, the resources of those skilled in the use of extraordinary forces are as infinite as the heavens and earth,(故善出奇者，無窮如天地)
as inexhaustible as the flow of the great rivers,(不竭如江河)
for they end and recommence –(終而複始)
cyclical, as are the movements of the sun and moon. (日月是也)
They die away and are reborn –(死而復生)
recurrent, as are the passing seasons.(四時是也)


※江河：江，長江。河，黃河。
※ 所以善於用奇兵的人，他的奇兵好像天地般沒有窮盡，好像長江黃河般不會枯竭。結束了又再開始，就像日月的交替轉換；死去了又再生長，就像四季的輪流循環。


The musical notes are only five in number, (聲不過五)
but their combinations are so infinite that one cannot visualize them all. (五聲之變，不可勝聽也)


※ 聲不過五：指宮、商、角、徵、羽五聲。聲音不過五種基本的音調，然而這五種音調經過變化組合之後，便形成許多新的樂章，聽也聽不完了。


The colors are only five in number, (色不過五)
but their blends are so various that one cannot appreciate them all.(五色之變，不可勝觀也)


※ 色不過五：指青、赤、黃、白、黑五色。顏色不過有五種基本的色調，然而這五種色調經過變化組合之後，便形成許多不同的色彩，讓人欣賞不完。


The flavors are only five in number, (味不過五)
but their blends are so various that one cannot taste them all. (五味之變，不可勝嘗也。)


※味不過五：指酸、甘、苦、辛、鹹五味。調味料不過有五種基本的味道，然而這五種味道經過變化組合之後，豐富的味覺變化讓人品嚐不完！


In battle, there are only the normal and extraordinary forces, (戰勢不過奇正)
But their combinations are limitless; none can comprehend them all. (奇正之變，不可勝窮之也)
For these two forces are mutually reproductive. (奇正相生)
It is like moving in an endless circle. (如環之無端)
Who can exhaust the possibility of their combination?(孰能窮之)


※戰鬥的主要佈陣方式，只有「奇」與「正」這兩種基本的狀態，然而「奇」與「正」經過變化組合之後，便不可窮盡了啊！奇兵與正兵交相運用，使軍隊的力量發揮相乘效果，整體行動起來，就像一個沒有端點的圓環一樣，誰能詳盡研究後找出可攻擊的縫隙？


When torrential water tosses boulders, (激水之疾，至於漂石者)
it is because of its momentum;(勢也)
when the strike of a hawk breaks the body of its prey,(鷙鳥之疾，至於毀折者)
it is because of timing.(節也)
Thus, the momentum of one skilled in war is overwhelming, and his attack precisely timed.(是故善戰者，其勢險，其節短)
His potential is that of a fully drawn crossbow; his timing, that of the release of the trigger.(勢如張弩，節如發機)


1. boulders－n.卵石,大圓石
2. momentum－n.【物】動量，衝量；氣勢，衝力
3. prey－n.被捕食的動物；vi.捕食
4. drawn－a.扭曲的,拉長的
5. crossbow－n.石弓；弩


※湍急流水以飛快速度奔瀉，使得石頭隨之漂移，是由於水勢具有巨大沖擊力使然；兇猛的老鷹以飛快的速度攻擊並捕食到獵物，是由於牠能抓準時機、配合恰當的行動節奏使然。因此，善於指揮作戰的將領，所造成的態勢是一種能獲得壓倒性勝利的態勢，對攻擊行動的時機與節奏的掌握是精準、令敵人猝不及防的。這種態勢，就像一張拉滿的弓弩，這時機與節奏，猶如動手觸發弩機的關鍵瞬間。