January 23,2006

Pangangan(命名)

上次妙子說,搞不清楚番人名字的態樣。這個問題恐怕很多人都不清楚。其實,我也不是很清楚。Orz

台灣番人各有命名的方式,有的是像我們綁詐這樣,是親子聯名制,有的像布農和鄒,是有氏族姓氏(嚴格說來,鄒的姓氏是亞氏族的名稱)。到底各是怎樣,我一直都沒有很留意,實在是談不上了解。不過就我所知的部分,最特別的應該就是那達悟人的命名方式了。


達悟人的命名方式是奇妙的「向前看」,也就是親從子名的制度。我自己以前所知是這樣的:

沒有小孩的達悟人,自己的名字前面會有一個「si」,比方說那「蘭巴共和國未來的外交部長」(很難赴任)兼「村長」(已被革職),Si-Maraos。他的名字是 Maraos,那前面的 si 表示他沒有小孩。有小孩的人呢,就會把自己的名字收起不用,而叫做「syaman- 孩子名」。比方說達悟的作家「夏曼‧蘭波安」,看他的名字就知道,他是蘭波安的爸爸。至於當祖父母的話,就變成「syapen- 孫子名」,比方說另一位達悟作家「夏本‧齊伯愛雅」,他是奇伯愛雅的阿公。(因為不知道蘭波安和齊伯愛雅各是怎麼寫,所以還是只寫漢字。)

剛剛在網路上查了一下,在簡鴻模的一篇文章〈雅美族傳統命名儀式與天主教嬰兒洗禮儀式之比較--以蘭嶼朗島部落為例〉裡找到達悟人命名法則的完整說明,其中有一段是這樣說的:

事實上,雅美族人的親從子名制共有六級稱謂,剛出生尚未命名的嬰兒,統稱為 si-kekey;當舉行命名儀式後,這個嬰兒便有了正名,稱為 si-kowa,即在他(她)的正名前加上人稱冠詞 si- 稱呼之;當一對夫妻結婚有了長嗣後,其名字將隨其長嗣的命名而更換為 syaman-kowa 和 sinan-kowa,即在長嗣的名字前加上 syaman 和 sinan 稱呼之,意為某人的父親和某人的母親;當一對夫妻的長嗣有了長嗣之後,夫妻雙方的名字要隨長嗣的長嗣而更名為 syapen-kowa,即在新命名的長嗣的名字前加上 syapen 稱呼之,意即某人的祖父或祖母,syapen-kowa 級的名字以上不再有男、女之分,是兩性同名,祖父、祖母都稱 syapen-kowa;syapen-kowa 再往上提昇則為 syapen-kotan,這是長嗣的長嗣的長嗣出生命名後的層級,即曾祖父母級的稱謂,到此層級,其稱謂之後不再冠上曾孫之名;syapen-kotan 再上去還有更高的層級,稱為 si-legey,這是高祖輩的名字,即長嗣的長嗣的長嗣的長嗣出生命名後的稱謂,是雅美親從子名制的最高級,是極為罕見的。

我想,達悟人恢復族名的,比方說夏曼‧蘭波安,等他有孫子以後,他還要再去登記改名一次吧。

說到這個恢復族名的事,就想到我們綁詐。我還是比較關心到底要不要使用氏族姓的問題。我個人是傾向使用,因為若是不用的話,日子會很難過。畢竟在填表格或申辦什麼東西的時候,沒有姓會引發很多現實上的問題。

嗯... 如果可以用 Holo 來漢譯族名的話,我會把族名寫為「若到‧會去‧打吉他」(Nakao Eki Pacidal)。不過現在並不允許不以北京語來音譯族名,而且--我才不要把族名用漢字寫哩。

不過,「若到‧會去‧打吉他」好像滿酷的。應該拿去別的什麼地方使用看看。


Posted by nakaoeki at 樂多Roodo! │23:07 │回應(8)引用(1)番聞評論
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polomurinureon 6 post【polomurinureon blog】 at October 24,2007 18:22
回應文章
「若到‧會去‧打吉他」這個名字好,可以作為樂團的名字...
Posted by Tiat at January 24,2006 01:03
是唷。可是我音樂不行。那給我哥組團好了,樂團叫做「芙袋‧會去‧打吉他」。他當吉他手,吉他就被他打,將將好。XD
Posted by Nakao at January 24,2006 01:09
>> 等他有孫子以後,他還要再去登記改名一次吧。

那那那.. 那確實有些難題出現,是不是?因為如果恢復姓氏,不就常常要修改所有證件。(畢業證書、身份證、護照、健保卡、銀行帳戶、...)

是因為這樣,所以才不容易推行恢復姓氏嗎?
Posted by wakako at January 24,2006 21:55
達悟人到底面臨怎樣的問題,我也搞不清楚。理論上那些困難應該都會發生。但是實務上到底如何因應,卻從來都沒想過要去原民會討教,也從沒問過已經回復族名的人,未來遇到問題到底打算怎樣處理。="=

不過,我並不確定夏曼‧蘭波安和夏本‧齊伯愛雅有沒有登記改名耶。從來沒想過要問這個問題。也說不定他們只是使用族名而已。(像我也是ㄚ,我只是盡量擱置漢名不用。。。)
Posted by Nakao at January 25,2006 00:04
這也是個方法 -- 在漢人社會中,(畢業證書、身份證、護照、健保卡、銀行帳戶、...)用一個漢名。

但是,生活上,(像寫網誌時、朋友族人間的稱呼)則用族名。

我個人覺得,保留這些是非常需要被看重。(看過一文,中國利用破壞蒙古人的姓,來達到摧毀其歷史根源)而滅亡一個民族的方法,真是莫大於摧毀其歷史了。
Posted by wakako at January 29,2006 10:52
喔,對了,是要過來拜個年的。(不知道 nakao 過不過年?上次,聽廖添丁 san 說他是不過漢人的節慶的。我也搞不清楚這算哪個民族的節慶 :P )

如果你不介意,我就在這兒祝福你

新年新釐
Posted by wakako at January 29,2006 10:56
謝謝wakako~
通常我是不過月娘新年,不過祝福怎麼會嫌多呢?也祝你新年快樂嘿~^^
Posted by Nakao at January 29,2006 18:08
Nakao,這篇給你參考。

Mongolians seek to make a name for themselves

After more than 80 years without surnames, picking one is as much about personality as it is ancestry, GEOFFREY YORK writes.

By GEOFFREY YORK
Saturday, June 12, 2004

ULAN BATOR -- For the first time in his life, Batbold needs a surname. And after some moments of reflection, he thinks he has found the perfect name: the tribal name of Genghis Khan.

"I'm kind of proud of Genghis Khan," the 25-year-old tailor said shyly as he lined up to register his new name. "He was a good leader, a strong warrior. I kind of feel that I'm from the same tribe."

For more than 80 years, everyone in Mongolia was on a first-name basis. After seizing power in the early 1920s, the Mongolian Communists destroyed all family names in a campaign to eliminate the clan system, the hereditary aristocracy and the class structure.

Within a few decades, most Mongolians had forgotten their ancestral names. They used only a single given name -- a system that eventually became confusing when 9,000 women ended up with the same name, Altantsetseg, meaning "golden flower."

By the mid-1990s, Mongolia had become a democracy again, and there were growing worries about the lack of surnames. One name might be enough when most people were nomadic herdsman in remote pastures, but now the country was urbanizing. The one-name system was so confusing that some people were marrying without realizing they were relatives.

In 1997, a new law required everyone to have surnames. The law was largely ignored, but then a system of citizenship cards was introduced. Slowly the country of 2.5 million began to adopt surnames.

Today, however, there are still 10,000 people without surnames. So the government is trying to solve the problem with a mixture of incentives (a discount on the registration fee) and heavy-handed pressure (a threat of financial penalties on anyone who fails to get a citizenship card before the June 27 national election).

And so Batbold joined a horde at a civil registration office in Ulan Bator this week, clutching a stack of documents to legalize his newly chosen name.

His new surname, Borjigin, the tribal name of Genghis Khan, has become the most popular name in the country. It means "master of the blue wolf," a reference to Mongolia's creation myth.

"Everyone wants the name Borjigin, as if they have some connection to Genghis Khan," said Serjee Besud, director of Mongolia's state library and a leading researcher on surnames.

"It's like a fashion. But it has no meaning if everyone has the same name. It's like having no name at all."

Mr. Besud has spent years poring over the dusty archives of the state library to compile a book of possible surnames for the nameless. He obtained access to the highly secret archives of the country's Communist Party, which included detailed lists of the names of noble families who were prohibited from party membership.

He discovered his own long-lost surname, Besud, by finding his grandfather's name on a 1925 list of conscripts in a Communist army.

His book, called Advice on Mongolian Surnames, provides maps and lists of historically used surnames in each region of the country.

The book also suggests other ways to choose a surname. Some people choose the name of a mountain or river in their ancestral region.

Others prefer the name of an ancestral occupation: Blacksmith, Herdsman or Writer. Some names are linked to clans: White Camel or Black-and-White Horse.

And some names have more obscure origins. One surname listed in the book, perhaps less fashionable today, is Seven Drunk Men.

As the election deadline approaches, the registration offices in Ulan Bator are surrounded by mobs, kept behind ropes as they wait their turn to enter the office to register their new surnames.

Mungunkhoyag, a 54-year-old payroll manager in an Ulan Bator factory, stood in the queue with a sheaf of documents to register his new name. He says he knows many people who have chosen the Genghis Khan tribal name as their surname, but he disapproves of the idea. "I don't like it," he said. "You should have your original name. If you use a different name, it means you have different blood."

In his own case, he knew the last name of his grandfather -- Zuutrag -- and now he is registering it as his own surname.

"I'm very proud of getting my family name on my documents," he said.

"If you have only a single name, mistakes can be made. I used to tell my children that we were from the Zuutrag clan. Now I am making it official."

Even after seven years of registering new surnames, however, most Mongolians are still in the habit of using a single name. Their business cards, for example, usually list their given name and their father's given name -- with no surname. Many people have no clue as to their friends' surnames.

Mongolia's Defence Minister, an earnest, bespectacled man with a "Hero of the Soviet Union" medal on his jacket, is the proud owner of probably the coolest name in the country.

The 58-year-old minister, Gurragchaa, is a former cosmonaut on a Soviet spaceship -- the only cosmonaut from Mongolia. And so when he was unable to discover his ancestral surname, he chose Sansar, the Mongolian word for the cosmos. His children will use the same name.

"It's actually nothing very special," he said, shrugging. "Everyone is proud now to restore their surname."

When he handed over his business card, however, his new name didn't appear. Slightly embarrassed when this was pointed out, he noted that Mongolians "don't have a tradition of using surnames," but added, "I have some newer cards and my surname is on those cards."
Posted by wakako at January 30,2006 10:21