
Sir Philip Sidney(1554-86
),集詩人、廷臣、軍人的才藝與品格於一身,是全能「文藝復興人」的經典範例。此處放他的畫像,因為以下 Stanley Fish 文中提及他,也因為他是人文價值的代表。(畫像現藏於 National Portrait Gallery, London.)【說明:以下是 Stanley Fish 在《紐約時報》的部落格文,討論「人文學」在美國的問題。一般人可能不會感興趣,貼在這裡,給關心「人文學危機」的朋友看看。在歐美,「人文學」的演變還是個問題,在台灣則完全不重要,甚至不存在。對此議題無興趣者,請避開。
所謂的「人文學危機」歷史悠久,於今尤烈。從啟蒙運動以來到19世紀的「實證主義辯論」,並牽涉海德格與法蘭克福學派,在英國叫「兩種文化」的爭議,後來女性主義、多元文化主義、解結構、文化研究等等加入戰鬥圈,「人文學」(the Humanities)的領域和價值一方面連番受內在批判,另一方面也備受外在社會的擠壓,很熱鬧,也很慘烈。(文學作品的閱讀和教學是重要接戰點,「典律爭議」只是其中一例。)
什麼是「人文學」呢?如果你都已經大學畢業卻不知道,很正常。如果你念的科系屬於「人文學」,可是你不知道「人文學」是什麼,也不覺得需要知道,很正常。如果好奇,請瞄一瞄下列三則簡單解釋:
1. "Humanities":大英百科全書條目(英文;部分)
2. "Humanities":Wikipedia 條目(英文)
3. 「人文學」:維基百科條目(中文;簡略)
Stanley Fish 是我年輕時代的美國學界紅人,文學之外也兼及法律研究,有他特定的學術路線與論辯招數,有些人可能熟悉。在「人文學危機」的問題上,他也常發言。這次在《紐約時報》的短文,起因於紐約州高等教育政策報告顯示出忽視人文與藝術學門的趨勢,引起批評與關切。Stanley Fish 看此問題,採取跟一般捍衛人文價值者不同的切角,雖然跟他一向的立場一致,還是值得看看。另外,由於我曾在學校以「我們到底需不需要人文思想?」為題演講過,有些同學也許可以從此文得到一點想法。
Fish 的說法雖然看來provocative,其實繼承席勒以來的論點,只是沒有人說得這麼白。我的態度比較消極,沒有知識份子的責任感。一個社會如果明白表示不需要人文學與人文價值,不願「投資」人文生產和實踐,也輕視從事人文的人,那麼就是不需要,訊息很清楚。我接收到清楚訊息後,不會如「知識份子」那樣,要去「大聲疾呼」或「批判」,因那是徒然。社會不會做超過其需要的事。(就像這兩年,常見愛書人或出版人或編輯如清朝遺老般哀嚎書籍市場之萎縮等等,少有人願意去想越來越少人需要閱讀/購買文字產品的現實:當知識或「心靈」的需要很容易就被各種媒體滿足,當「需要」的型態與深度改變,「閱讀」的意義也跟著移動,書籍不再重要。)
在台灣,如果想要得到關於「人」的知識,有社會科學,用問卷,跑模式就好,足以獲得知識,制訂政策,解決問題。萬一心靈空虛,靠娛樂,或去拜神,也可解決,無須人文和人文學。能解決就好。
台灣社會普遍相信:
貶抑人文,依然可以有創意,
擠壓人文,社會仍然會更民主,
沒有人文,大家還是有夢。】
The New York Times
January 6, 2008
Will the Humanities Save Us?
Stanley Fish
In the final paragraph of my last column, I observed that the report of the New York State Commission on Higher Education slights – indeed barely mentions – the arts and humanities, despite the wide-ranging scope of its proposals. Those who posted comments agreed with David Small that “the arts and the humanities are always the last to receive any assistance.”
There were, however, different explanations of this unhappy fact. Sean Pidgeon put the blame on “humanities departments who are responsible for the leftist politics that still turn people off.” Kedar Kulkarni blamed “the absence of a culture that privileges Learning to improve oneself as a human being.” Bethany blamed universities, which because they are obsessed with “maintaining funding” default on the obligation to produce “well rounded citizens.” Matthew blamed no one, because in his view the report’s priorities are just what they should be: “When a poet creates a vaccine or a tangible good that can be produced by a Fortune 500 company, I’ll rescind my comment.”
Although none of these commentators uses the word, the issue they implicitly raise is justification. How does one justify funding the arts and humanities? It is clear which justifications are not available. You can’t argue that the arts and humanities are able to support themselves through grants and private donations. You can’t argue that a state’s economy will benefit by a new reading of “Hamlet.” You can’t argue – well you can, but it won’t fly – that a graduate who is well-versed in the history of Byzantine art will be attractive to employers (unless the employer is a museum). You can talk as Bethany does about “well rounded citizens,” but that ideal belongs to an earlier period, when the ability to refer knowledgeably to Shakespeare or Gibbon or the Thirty Years War had some cash value (the sociologists call it cultural capital). Nowadays, larding your conversations with small bits of erudition is more likely to irritate than to win friends and influence people.
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