cstr

Writing Skills Topic Two: Spatial Order- Signal Words for “Space”

1. General indication of “space”

The “general indication” means no specific location or site. When we refer to nouns, we will have:
-(1) location, locus, locality, locale
-(2) area, reservation
-(3) place,, site, side, section, region, corner

And when we refer to verbs, we will get:
-(1) (be) located/situated/placed

2. Specific indication of “space”

The “specific indication” means a concrete meaning related to “space.” First, it has a form, “Noun + where clause.”

Secondly, there are words reflecting the specific indication:
-(1) continent/land mass
-(2) nation/country/state
-(3) state (in the case of USA)
-(4) city
-(5) street, road, avenue, boulevard

The third kind is “direction,” for example, north, south, east, and west.

3. Signal words for “layout”
(3.1) Top:
-ceiling (where there may be roof, attic, antenna, and so on)
-tower/skyscraper/ mast and spire
-sky: the Moon, stars, flying bird/plane
(3.2) Middle/Center
(3.3) Bottom, ground, floor (where there may be a rug or carpet), base, earth, dirt
(3.4) inside <-> outside; interior <-> exterior; intrinsic <-> extrinsic
(3.5) Ground
-in the ground <-> on the ground, above the ground;
-in the ground = under the ground = beneath the ground = underground
(3.6) front <-> back
-Outside case: in front of <-> behind
-Inside case: in the front of <-> in the back of
(3.7) facing <-> against
(3.8) symmetrical (corresponding) <-> asymmetrical
(3.9) vertical <-> horizontal
(3.10) parallel
(3.11) A “is around”/surround/circle/envelope/ B