2005年12月21日
回顧WHO關於生產及其照護的建議
WHO關於生產的建議,目前搜尋到以下幾個重要文獻,依據年代作一些簡單的介紹與回顧。有的文獻可以在網路下載全文,我也附上網址,如果大家有興趣可以點來看看~J。至於WHO的這些建議是如何出來的呢?在網路上找到一篇相關文章WHO appropriate technology for birth revisited British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, September 1992, Vol. 99, pp. 709 - 710,可以為大家稍稍解惑http://www.weikert.de/alexandra/who3.html。以下的介紹內容也參考了這篇文章。 佩穎
1985 | 1. Having a baby in |
2. Perinatal Health Services in | |
3. WHO (1985) Appropriate technology for birth. Lancet ii, August 24, 436 - 437. | |
1989 | 4. Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse M, eds. Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. |
1991 | 5. Wagner M. (1991) Appropriate perinatal technology of having a baby in |
1997 | 6. Care in normal birth: A practical guide:Report of a technical Working group,WHO,1997. http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/MSM_96_24/MSM_96_24_table_of_contents.en.html |
2000 | 7. Enkin M, Keirse M, Chalmers I. A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. |
其中(4)及(6)並非WHO出版,而是Oxford University出版,但因經常被引用,且其是針對WHO的建議以抽樣實驗的方式做出回應,屬於重要文獻,因此也一並列上。
聯合國宣布1979年為國際兒童年(International Year of the Child),歐洲地區會議並且關心了婦女生產的議題,包刮醫療介入的急速擴增、1970年帶剖腹產率二~三倍的上升、婦女團體要求自我掌控生產經驗等等議題。這些辯論的結論,是由WHO進行研究 (研究人員包括歐洲會員國、美國及加拿大),並對生產的適當科技提出建議。1985年時WHO出版了Having a baby in Europe及Perinatal Health Services in Europe: Searching for Better Childbirth兩本書呈現了幾年來的成果,前者是針對一般讀者,後者則是針對學院中的讀者。WHO並且在The Lancet 1985年八月號發表了 ‘ Appropriate technology for birth' 一文。這些建議的性質屬於較一般性的建議,這些建議目前仍可以代表WHO的基本態度。其中與剖腹產相關的包括以下幾點,許多國內的文獻都引用了:
n Information on birth practice in different hospitals, such as rates of caesarean, should be available to the public.
n Countries with some of the lowest perinatal mortality rate in the world have caesarean section rates of less than 10%. There is no justification for any region to have a caesarean section rate of higher than 10 - 15 %.
n There is no evidence that caesarean section rate is required after a previous caesarean section birth. Vaginal deliveries after a caesarean section should normally be encouraged wherever emergency surgical intervention is available.
n Ligation of the fallopian tubes is not an indication for caesarean section. There is no simpler and safer methods for tubal sterilization.
n Government agencies, universities, scientific societies, and other interested group should be able to influence the excessive and unjustified use of caesarean section by exploring and publicizing its negative effect on mother and infant.
WHO的這些建議仍然引發了一些爭議,包括這些建議的有效性如何?這些研究者的代表性如何?這些建議如何與研究結果相符?等等。Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse M等人於1989年出版的Effective care in pregnancy and childbirth對這些建議進行了小心的抽樣實驗,可以回答上述這些問題。書中以實驗果為基礎,將WHO於1985對生產的建議分成四個等級:
(1) reduce the negative outcomes of pregnancy and childbirth;
(2) are promising but require further evaluation;
(3) have unknown effects and require further evaluation;
(4) should be abandoned in the light of the available evidence.
而1997年WHO所出版的Care in normal birth: A practical guide: Report of a technical Working group,則是針對normal birth進行抽樣實驗並發展建議。這本書的參與者以第三世界國家為主,其研究的出發點之一是研究WHO之前的建議是否適用於科技較不發達的第三世界國家?因此試圖尋找一個universal guidelines。由於主要討論是normal birth中的照護,因此相較之下剖腹產的細部討論較少。但在討論到生產的評估過程時,仍會討論到相關議題,例如電子系統胎心音監測帶來較高的剖腹產率等等。
2000年Enkin M, Keirse M, Chalmers I. 出版了A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth(Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000),可以視為其1989年研究的補充與擴增,仍以抽樣實驗為基礎對懷孕及生產進行研究。在第五十章 Effective Care in pregnancy and childbirth: a synopsis之中整理了該書的結論,將生產照護依其實驗結果的支持程度分為「六個等級」:
(2) forms of' care that are likely to be beneficial;
(3) forms of care with a trade off between beneficial and adverse effects;
(4) forms of care of unknown effectiveness;
(5) forms of care that are unlikely to be beneficial;
(6) forms of care that are likely to be ineffective or harmful.
由於將生產照護分為Basic care、Screening and diagnosis、Pregnancy Problems、Childbirth、Problems during childbirth、Techniques of induction and operative delivery、Care after childbirth等部分,因而這本書的具體建議進入各個生產過程中十分「具體技術」 (例關於剖腹產中的麻醉、抗生素的使用等等) 的討論!關於剖腹產的討論就經常出現在Problems during childbirth、Techniques of induction and operative delivery的部份中。